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| Theory that links mental abilities to bumps on the skull (concussion) |
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| researchers who study links between biology and behavior |
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| Carries info to the brain and spinal cord. |
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| Carry instructions from the brain and spinal cord to the body's tissues |
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| CNS neurons that enable internal communication in the spinal cord & brain AND between sensory and motor neurons. Intervene between inputs and outputs |
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| Part of neuron that receives messages from other neurons (bush) |
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| Part of neuron that transmits info to other neurons |
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| fatty tissue that insulates the axons and speeds up neutron's impulses |
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| neural impulses, brief electric charge that travels down an axon |
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| Level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse, excitatory signals minus inhibitory signals. |
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| positively charged sodium ions rushes into neuron and negatively charged potassium ruses out; results in a change in charge |
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| the time after a neuron fires or a muscle fiber contracts during which a stimulus will not evoke a response |
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| gap between the axon tip and the dendrite, aka the synaptic gap or synaptic cleft |
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| Accelerates a neurons signals |
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| Prevents action, slows down, like pushing the brake on neurons signal |
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| Chemical messengers created at axon terminals that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons and bind to the receptor sites on receiving neuron. |
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| Sending neuron reabsorbs excess neurotransmitters |
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| A strong stimulus can trigger more neurons to fire, and to fire more often, but it does not affect the action potentials strength or speed |
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| A neurotransmitter that plays a role in learning and memory, and MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS. If blocked we will be paralyzed |
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| Naturally occurring opiates, linked to pain control and pleasure |
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| Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that regulates movement and learning. An excess amount of it is linked to schizophrenia; the deprivation of it causes the brain to produce the tremors and decreased mobility of parkinson's disease |
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| A neurotransmitter that affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal. An undersupply of it is linked to depression; Prozac and other antidepressant druges raise the levels of it. |
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| A neurotransmitter that helps control alertness and arousal. An undersupply can depress mood, linked to adrenaline |
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| GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) |
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| major inhibitory neurotransmitter, undersupply linked to seizures, tremors and insomnia. |
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| A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory. An oversupply can overstimulate the brain, producing migraines or seizures. |
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| drug or other chemical that mimics the effects of neurotransmitters or blocks its reuptake (enhancing it) |
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| chemical substances that block or reduce a cell's response to the action of other chemicals or neurotransmitters, ie. caffeine |
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| Central nervous system (CNS) |
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| Peripheral nervous system |
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| The sensory and motor neurons that connect the Central Nervous System to the rest of the body. |
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| Voluntary, we have control of our skeletal muscles. |
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| automatic, such as organs |
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| Division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal system |
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| Part of the peripheral system that controls the glands and muscles of internal organs (heart) |
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| The division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations. |
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| The division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy. |
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| Interconnected neural cells. With experience, networks can learn, as feedback strengthens or inhibits connections that produce certain results. |
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| An information highway that connects the Peripheral Nervous System to the brain. |
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| Automatic response to a sensory stimulus, ie. knee jerk response |
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| The body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream. |
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| Chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, influence sex food and agression |
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| A pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys. They secrete the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine, which help to arouse the body in times of stress |
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| Part of endocrine system, under influence of the hypothalamus. Regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands. |
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| Help regulate the level of calcium in the blood. |
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| Regulates the level of sugar in the blood |
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| Destruction of brain tissue |
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| Scans brain waves, measured by electrodes placed on the scalp. |
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| shows brain activity by injecting people with radioactive sugar, detectors pick up the release of gamma rays from the sugar |
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| detailed scan of the brain's soft tissue by having a radio wave pulse momentarily distort atoms. |
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| This scan shows brain activity (blood flow) and structure. Compares MRI scans taken less than a second apart to see which areas light up. |
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| Begins where spinal cord enters skull, responsible for automatic survival functions. Crossover point where nerves from each side of body connect with opposite side |
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| Area of slight swelling at the base of brain stem, controls heartbeat and breathing |
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| Network of neurons that extends from spinal cord to thalamus, controls arousal. ie. when severed you will lapse into a coma |
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| Sensory switchboard located on top of brainstem, receives info from all senses except smell and routes it to higher brain regions. Relays messages between lower brain centers and cerebral cortex |
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| "little brain" at rear of brainstem, implicit memories, coordinates movement out-put and balance. |
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| Neural system associated with emotion and drives (including hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) located below cerebellum (in brain) |
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| two lima bean-sized neural clusters in limbic system, influence emotion (aggression and fear) |
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| Below (hypo) the thalamus, directs body maintenance (eating, drinking, body temperature) helps link nervous system to endocrine system via the pituitary gland and linked to emotion and reward. |
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| Main pink squishy part of brain, ultimate control and info processing center. Interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemisphere |
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| Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish and protect neurons |
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| Portion of cerebral cortex lying behind forehead, involved in speaking, muscle movements, making plans and judgement. |
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| Portion of cerebral cortex at top of head towards rear, receives sensory input for touch and body position |
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| Portion of cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head, includes areas that receive info from visual fields |
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| Portion of cerebral cortex lying above ears, auditory area |
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| area of frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements |
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| Area at front of parietal lobes to do with body touch and movement sensations |
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| Area of cerebral cortex dealing with learning, remembering, thinking and speaking. Integrate info, link sensory inputs with stored memories |
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| Brain's ability to change especially during childhood by organizing after damage or building new pathways based on experience |
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| Constraint Induced Therapy |
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| aims to rewire brain by restraining a fully functioning limb and forcing use of the "bad hand" on the uncooperative limb |
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| Band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them. Known to generate seizures |
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| condition resulting from surgery that isolates brains two hemispheres by cutting the callosum which connects them. |
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