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a specialized cell that conducts impulses through the nervous system and contains three major parts a cell body, dendrites and an axon
there are 100 million in our brain that are connected but not touching. the fire chemically and electrically |
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| the part of a neuron that contain the nucleus and carries out the metabolic functions of the neuron |
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| in a neuron the branchlike extensions of the cell body that receive signals from other neurons |
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| the slender taillike extensions of the neuron that transmits signals to the dendrites or cell body of other neurons and to muscles, glands, and other parts of the body |
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| specialized cells in the brain and spinal cord that hold neurons together remove waste products such as dead neurons and perform other manugacturing, nourashing and cleanup tasks |
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| the junction where the axon terminal of a sending neuron communicates with a receiving neuron across the synaptic cleft |
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| the slight negative electrical potential of teh axon membrane of a neuron at rest |
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| the sudden reversal of the resting potential which initiates the firing of a neuron |
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| the white fatty coating wrapped around some axons that acts as insulation and enables impulses to travel much faster |
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found in the axon terminal with thin membranes called synaptic vesicles, a chemical substance that is releaed in to the synaptic cleft from the axon terminal of a sending neuron crosses a synapse and binds to appropriate receptor sites on the dendrites or cell body ofa receiving neruon influencing the cell either to fire or not to fire
chemicals that the message is carried by across the synapse and tells the neuron whether or not to fire
when the neuron fires the membrane opens up the positive rushes in and negative rushes out then it closes |
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| protein molecules on the surface of dendrites and cell bodies that have distinctive shapes and will interact only with specific neurotransmitters |
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| the process by which neurotransmitters are taken from the synaptic cleft back into the axon terminal for later use, thus terminating their excitatory or inhibitory effect on the receiving neuron |
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| a neurotransmitter that plays a role in learning new information, causes the skeletal muscle fibers to contract and keeps the heart from beating too rapidly |
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| a neurotransmitter that plays a role in learning, attention, movement, and reinforcement, neurons in the brains of those with parkinson's disease and schizophrenia are less sensitive to its effects |
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| a neurotransmitter affecting eating, alertness, and sleep |
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| a neurotransmitter that affects the metabolism of glucose and nutrient energy stored in muscles to be released during strenuous exercise |
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| a neurotransmitter that plays an important role in regulating mood, sleep, impulse, aggression, and appetite |
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| primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, active in areas of the brain involved in learning, though and emotion |
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| primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain facilitates neural inhibition in the central nervous system |
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| chemicals produced naturally by the brain that reduce pain and the stress of vigorous exercise and positively affect mood, provide relief from pain, produce feelings of pleasure and well being |
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| central nervous system (CNS) |
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| the part of the nervous system comprising the brain and the spinal cord |
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| peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
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| the nerves connecting the central nervous system to the rest of the body |
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| an extension of the brain, from the base of the brain through the neck and spinal column and transmits messages between the brain and the peripheral nervous system |
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| a link between the spinal cord and the brain that contains structures that regulate physiological functions including heart rate respiration and blood pressure, it includes the pons, medulla, spinal cord, reticular formation, cerebellum |
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| part of the hindbrain, the structure that begins at the point where the spinal cord enlarges as it enters the brain and handles functions critical to physical survival, includes the medulla, pons and the reticular formation |
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| the part of the brainstem that controls heart beat blood pressure breathing coughing and swelling |
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| a structure in the brainstem that plays a crucial role in arousal and attention and that screens sensory messages entering the brain, filters info moving towards awareness |
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| the brain structure that helps the body execute smooth skilled movements and regulates muscle tone and posture |
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| the structure in the midbrain that controls unconscious motor movement |
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includes hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, corpus callosum, limbic system, thalamus
the largest part of the brain where the cognitive functions and many motor functions are carried out |
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| area that contains structures linking the physiological functions of the hindbrain to the cognitive functions of teh forebrain |
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| the structure located above the brain stem that acts as a relay station for information flowing into or out of the forebrain |
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| a small but influential brain structure that regulates hunger thirst sexual behavior internal body temperature and some emotional behaviors |
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a group of structures in the midbrain including the amygdala and hippocampus that are collecively involved in emotional expression, memory and motivation
includes: thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland |
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| in the limbic system, plays a role in emotion and the response to unpleasant or punishing stimuli |
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| plays a central role in longterm memory, storing new memories responding to stimuli and navigating ability |
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| sympathetic nervous system |
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| the division of the autonomic nervous system that mobilizes the body's resources during stress and emergencies preparing the bidy for action--fight or flight response, anything related to excitement or being worked up |
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| parasymoathetic nervous system |
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the division if the autonomic nervous system that brings the heightened bodily responses back to normal following an emergency
takes you back to calm |
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| electroenceophalogram (EEG) |
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| a record if brain wave activity made by a machine called the ekectrienceohakigraph |
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| the brain wave pattern associated with mental or physical activity |
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| brain-wave pattern associated with deep relaxation |
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| brain-wave pattern associated with slow-wave or deep sleep |
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| a small wire used to monitor the electrical activity of or stimulate activity within a single neuron |
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| CT Scan (computerized axial tomography) |
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| brain-scanning technique that uses a rotating computerized x-ray tube to produce cross-sectional images of the structures of the brain |
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| MRI (magnetic resonance imagery) |
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| a diagnostic scanning technique that produces high-resolution images of the structures of the brain |
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| PET scan (Positron-emission tomography) |
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| a brain-imaging technique that reveals activity in various parts of the brain based on patters of blood flow, oxegyn use and glucose consumption |
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| reveals both bain structure and brain activity more prcisely and rapidly than PET |
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| the largest structure of the human brain consiting of the two cerebral hemisphere connected by the corpus callosum and covered by the cerebral cortex |
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| the right and left halves of the cerebrum covered by the cerebral cortex and connected by the corpus callosum they control movement and feeling on the opposing sides of the body |
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| the thick band of nerve fibers that connect the two cerebrak hemispheres and makes possible the transfer if information and the synchrnization if activity between the hemospheres |
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the gray convoluted covering of the cerebral hemisphere that is responsible for the higher mental processes of language memory and thinking three types of areas
sensory input area
motor area
association areas |
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| areas of the cerebral cortex that houses memories and are involved in thought perception and language |
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| the specialization of one of the cerebral hemispheres to handle a particular function |
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| the hemisphere that controls the right side of the body coordinates complex movements and language functions reasoning, numerical skills |
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| controls left side of the body and visual spatial perception, music processing, emotional thinking |
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| a surgical procedure performed to treat severe cases of epilepsy in which the corpus callosum is cut separating separating the cerebral hemispheres |
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| the strip of tissue at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary body movement and participates in learning and cognitive events |
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| in the occipital lobes, involved in the interpretaion of visual stimuli, holds memories of past visual experiences and allows us to recognized familiarity |
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| the area at the rear of the occipital lobes where the vision registers in the cerebral cortex |
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| the part of each temporal lobe where the hearing registers in the cerebral cortex |
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| developing brain eliminates unnecessary or redundant synapses |
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| the capacity of the brain to adapt to changes such as brain damage |
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| a chemical substance that is manufactured and released in one part of the body and affects other parts of the body |
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| segments of dna located on chromosomes and are the basic units for the transmition of hereditary traits |
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| rod-shapped structures in the nuclei of body cells contain genes and carry all genetic information necessary to make a human being |
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| an individual's genetic makeup |
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| an individual's actual characteristics |
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| dominant recessive pattern |
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| a single dominant gene causes a tait to be expressed but two for a recessive |
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| multifactorial inheritance |
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| a trait is influenced by both genes and environmental factors |
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| a field of research that uses twin studies and adoption studies to investigate the relative effects of heredity and environment on behavior |
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| seratonin, norepinephrine, dopamine |
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