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| The study of heredity or inheritance |
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Gregor Mendel is known as the “Father of Genetics”
Monk who experimented with peas and discovered the basic principles of genetics |
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| Different versions of the same gene |
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| Inheritance is determined by genes passed on from one generation to the next. |
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characteristic that shows if one dominant allele is present
masks other alleles |
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no noticeable effect
only shows if all the alleles are recessive. |
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| Dominant alleles mask the recessive alleles unless all the alleles are recessive. |
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| Physical description of an organism’s trait |
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| Description of an organism’s genetic make-up |
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Shows possible allele combinations from a genetic cross.
Gametes from parents are shown along the top and left side of square.
Possible offspring allele combinations are shown in the boxes making up the square |
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Two dominant alleles (two capital letters)
E.g. true breeding purple flowers (PP) |
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Two recessive alleles (two lowercase letters)
E.g. true breeding white flowers (pp) |
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One dominant allele and one recessive allele (one capital, one lowercase letter)
E.g. hybrid purple flowers (Pp) |
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| Cross involving one pair of contrasting traits |
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One allele is partially dominant over the other.
Sometimes called blending inheritance
The heterozygous phenotype is a combination of the dominant & recessive |
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Neither allele is dominant over the other
Both alleles can be expressed
E.g. red cow x white cow = roan cow
Roan is a cow that have red and white coats |
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In some traits more than two alleles can exist in a population of a species, but a single individual can only possess two alleles.
E.g. Human blood has 3 alleles – A, B, & O |
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Sex chromosomes have other genes on them, too
especially the X chromosome
hemophilia in humans
blood doesn’t clot
Duchenne muscular dystrophy in humans
loss of muscle control
red-green color blindness
see green & red as shades of grey |
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Aka Multiple-gene inheritance
Two or more independent genes affect one characteristic
Usually seen in traits that vary between two extremes
Human Examples:
skin color, height, weight, eye color, intelligence |
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| When two or more flowers pollinate each other. |
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| when a flower pollinates iteself |
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| Alleles segregate from each other during meiosis so each gamete only carries one allele for each gene. |
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| Genes of different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes |
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