Term
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Definition
| All the chemical reactions that take place in an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the flow of energy and it's changes from one form to another |
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Term
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Definition
| The breakdown of organic molecules |
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Definition
| The synthesis of new organic molecules |
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| Cells synthesize new organic molecules for 4 reasons: |
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Definition
1. To carry out structural maintenance or repairs
2. To support growth
3. To produce secretions
4. To store nutrient reserves |
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Term
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Definition
| The breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid |
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Term
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Definition
1. Glucose molecules
2. Appropriate cytosolic enzymes
3. ATP and ADP
4. Inorganic phosphates
5. NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) |
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Term
| Citric acid cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle, TCA, or Kreb's cycle) |
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Definition
| A sequence of enzymatic reactions |
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Term
| Function of the citric acid cycle |
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Definition
| To remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes. |
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Term
| Oxidative phosphorylation |
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Definition
| The generation of ATP within mitochondria in a reaction sequence that requires coenzymes and consumes oxygen. |
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Term
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Definition
| The synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors |
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Term
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Definition
| The formation of glycogen from glucose |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Lipid-protein complexes that contain large insoluble glycerides and cholesterol |
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Term
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Definition
1. Chylomicrons-largest, carry absorbed lipids from the intestinal tract into the lymph, then into the bloodstream
2. Very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs)-transport triglycerides to skeletal muscle and adipose tissue
3. Intermediate density lipoproteins-intermediate in size and lipid composition
4.Low density lipoproteins (LDLs)- deliver cholesterol to peripheral tissues
5. High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)-equal amounts lipid and protein, transport excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues back to the liver for storage or excretion in the bile |
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Term
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Definition
| Attaches the amino group of an amino acid to a keto acid |
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Term
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Definition
| The removal of an amino group and a hydrogen atom in a reaction that generates an ammonium ion (NH4+) |
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Definition
| An organic compound produced by fatty acid metabolism that dissociates in solution, releasing a hydrogen ion. |
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Term
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Definition
| The absorption of nutrients from food |
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Term
| 3 reasons minerals are important: |
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Definition
1. Ions such as sodium and chloride determine the osmotic concentrations of body fluids.
2. Ions in various combinations play major roles in important physiological processes.
3. Ions are essential cofactors in a variety of enzymatic reactions. |
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Term
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Definition
| An essential organic nutrient that functions as a coenzyme in vital enzymatic reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water 1 degree Celcius. |
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Term
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Definition
| Body weight more than 20% above the ideal weight for a given individual |
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Term
| Basal metabolic rate (BMR) |
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Definition
| The minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake, alert person |
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Term
| Mechanisms for increasing heat loss |
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Definition
1. The inhibition of the vasomotor center causes peripheral vasodilation, and warm blood flows to the surface of the body.
2. As blood flow to the skin increases, sweat glands are stimulated to increase their secretory output.
3. The respiratory centers are stimulated, and the depth of respiration increases. |
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