Term
| What are the seven characteristics of animals? |
|
Definition
| Multicellular, heterotrophic, Eukaryotic cells, require oxygen, reproduce sexually (and perhaps sometimes asexually), motile, sexual reproduction leads to formation of Zygote which develops into an embryo. |
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|
Term
| Five basic characteristics used when distinguishing between different phyla of animals: |
|
Definition
| body symmetry, cephalization, type of gut, type of body cavity, segmentation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| how many equal parts can the body be cut into? |
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Term
|
Definition
| body parts arranged regularly around a central axis. Animal can be cut into several identical segments, all aquatic or marine |
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Term
|
Definition
| body axis runs from anterior end to posterior end. Has dorsal surface and ventral surface, body can be cut into two planes (left and right) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| is there a head region where nerves become more concentrated? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| one opening used for food entry and waste exit, one region where digestion, storage and excretion take place, incomplete digestive system. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| two openings at opposite ends, one where food enters and other for waste exit, seperate regions of tube for digestion, absorption, storage and excretion, complete digestive system. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| space between gut and body wall |
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Term
|
Definition
| a peritoneum (type of tissue) lined body cavity between the gut cavity and the body wall (i.e. epidermis) |
|
|
Term
| Three types of body cavities |
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Definition
| Acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, and coelomate |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| no body cavity, region between gut and body wall packed with organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unlined body cavity (pseudocoel) between gut and body wall (no peritineum) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| true coelom present (i.e peritoneum lined cavity between gut and body wall) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| repeating series of body units, units may or may not be similar to one another. |
|
|
Term
| When did animals originate? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two theories about where animals originated? |
|
Definition
| Ciliate theory and Colonial Flagellate theory |
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Term
|
Definition
| ciliated protozoan, with two nuclei that became compartmentalized and developed into seperate cells (two celled organism) |
|
|
Term
| Colonial flagellate thoery |
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Definition
| cells in a colonial flagellate became specialized in a way that allowed for better survival or reproduction. |
|
|
Term
| Phylum Placozoa: how many species? |
|
Definition
| only 1, Trichoplax adhaerens, most simple animal known, marine, flat body consists of only a few thousand cells, no body symmetry, no mouth, sexual and asexual reproduction. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phylum Porifera: symmetry |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Porifer: level of organization |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| phylum porifera: segmentation |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| phylum porifera: cephalization |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| phylum porifera: coelomate? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| phylum porifera: reproduction |
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Definition
| sexually (microscopic swimming larvae stage) and asexually (gemmules) |
|
|
Term
| Phylum Porifera: 3 major classes |
|
Definition
| Demospongia, calcarea, hexactinellida |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| common bath sponges, 80% of all species |
|
|
Term
| Class calcarea: spicules? what material? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| class hexactinellida: spicules? what material? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| basic body plan of a sponge |
|
Definition
| body consists of central cavity surrounded by cells, water enters through pores and is funneled out of cental cavity |
|
|
Term
| three basic cell types of a sponge |
|
Definition
| surface cell, amoeboid cell, collar cells |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| flattened cells lining the outer surface of sponge |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| secrete material for spicules, secrete enzymes for digestion, some role in asexual reproduction. |
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Term
|
Definition
| skeletal structures made of calcium carbonate or silia that create rigid body structure. |
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Term
|
Definition
| flagellated phagocytic cell lining body's central cavity and canals, beating flagella creates current of water that flows throughout into central cavity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| collar of microvilli traps food particles as water flows through |
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|
Term
| phylum cnidaria: symmetry |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| phylum cnidaria: level of organization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| phylum cnidaria: coelomate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| phylum cnidaria: segmentation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| phylum cnidaria: cephalization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phylum cnidaria are the only animals able to produce what for protection and prey capture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized stinging cells that contains harpoon-like structure with tubular thread, launches into prey and injects with venom (jelly fish sting) |
|
|
Term
| Three major classes of Phylum cnidaria? |
|
Definition
| Scyphozoa, anthozoa, hydrozoa |
|
|
Term
| what is the common name for scyphozoa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Class Anthozoa: common name |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| class hydrozoa: examples of organisms |
|
Definition
| Prtugese man-o-war, fire coral |
|
|
Term
| Cnidarian: two major body plans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bell shaped, motile body form, typical of jellyfish and cnidarian larvae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sessile (non-moving form), typical of anemones and corals. |
|
|
Term
| cnidarian: three levels of cells |
|
Definition
| outer epithelium, inner epithelium, mesoglea. |
|
|
Term
| phylum cnidaria: outer epidthelium |
|
Definition
| lines outer body surfaces, where nerve net (primitive nervous system) is found. |
|
|
Term
| Phylum cnidaria: inner epithelium |
|
Definition
| glandular cells secrete digestive enzymes into saclike gut cavity. |
|
|
Term
| phylum cnidaria: mesoglea |
|
Definition
| gelatinous material secreted between epidermis and gastrodermis. |
|
|
Term
| phylum cnidaria: what is the purpose of the mesoglea? |
|
Definition
| helps maintain hydrostatic skeleton, skeleton of water, allows for shape change. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water skeleton, allows for shape change. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| swimming or creeping larvae. some hydrozoans include this life cycle. |
|
|
Term
| What are the steps in the hydrozoan life cycle? |
|
Definition
| 1. reproductive polyp gives rise to male and female medusae. 2 medusae rupture and release sperm and eggs into water. 3. fertilization occurs and zygotes form. 4 zyogote grows and develops into planula larvae. 5. planula larva settles to habitat and develops into new polyp. 6. young poylp develops into mature polyp with feeding and reproductive polyps. |
|
|
Term
| What is the portugese man-o-war? |
|
Definition
| a colonial hydrozoan, not a true jellyfish. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| colonial polyps secrete an external skeleton of calcium carbonate. |
|
|
Term
| Example of a cnidarian in a mututalistic relationship: |
|
Definition
| zooxanthellae- mutualistic dinoflagellate living in coral polyps; photosynthesize and supply corals with solutes; corals provide protection. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Platyhelminthes: symmetry |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Platyhelminthes: level of organization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Platyhelminthes: coelomate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Platyhelminthes: cephalization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hermaphrodites and parasitic |
|
|
Term
| Platyhelminthes: 3 major classes |
|
Definition
| Turbellaria, trematoda, cestoda |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| planarians and otehr marine flatworms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flukes, parasitic flatworms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tapeworms, parasitic flatworms, no gut |
|
|
Term
| Flatworm digestive system (consists of) |
|
Definition
| pharnyx and branching sac-like gut |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used for uptake of food and excretion of food waste. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| incomplete (missing in cestoda) |
|
|
Term
| Platyhelminthes: repiratory/water regulating system (consists of) |
|
Definition
| Protonephridia and flame cells |
|
|
Term
| Platyhelminthes: protonephridia |
|
Definition
| branching structure that has openings throughout body wall, water enters openings and flows through tubular system. |
|
|
Term
| Platyhelminthes: Flame cells |
|
Definition
| filter water to maintain osmotic balance and absorb oxygen from water for respiration. |
|
|
Term
| Platyhelminthes: nervous system (consists of) |
|
Definition
Cephalization- centalized location for nervous tissue, first organisms with cephalization.
Branching nerve chord runs length and width of body for signaling. |
|
|
Term
| Platyhelminthes: reproductive system |
|
Definition
| hermaphroditic: one individual has both male and femal gonads, some can self fertilize. |
|
|
Term
| can flatworms reproduce asexually? |
|
Definition
| yes, through regeneration (if one individual is cut in half, it will regenerate into two individuals) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| southeast asian blood worm |
|
|
Term
| explain the life cycle of the southeast asian blood worm: |
|
Definition
| 1. aquatic larvae swim in free standing water. 2. larvae bore into human host and develop into adult worms. 3. adult worms mate in human host and release fertilized eggs through host feces.4 eggs develop into ciliated swimming larvae 5. ciliated embed into snail host and begin to repoduce asexually. 6. larvae leave snail host and cycle starts over. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tapeworms, parasites of vertebrate intestines. |
|
|
Term
| something unique about Class cestoda |
|
Definition
| they no longer have a digestive system, as they live in intestines,surrounded by digested material. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how worms of Class cestoda attach to host intestine. Modified head with hooks and suckers. |
|
|
Term
| Class cestoda: life cycle |
|
Definition
| 1. larvae are dormant in intermediate hosts muscle tissue. 2. uncooked meat consumed by definitive host. 3. adult grows in intestine of definitive host. 4. proglottids extend behind scolex. 5. mature end proglottids mate and break off in definitive host feces. 6. fertilized eggs consumed by intermediate host. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| supports adult form of parasite, not larvae. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| roundworms. most abundant animal alive. |
|
|
Term
| Phylum Nematoda: level of organization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phylum Nematoda: coelomate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are most roundworms free living or parasitic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phlylum Rotifera : habitat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phlylum Rotifera: symmetry |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phlylum Rotifera : level of organization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phlylum Rotifera: coelomate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phlylum Rotifera: cephalization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phlylum Rotifera: reproduction |
|
Definition
| 1. females produce diploid eggs which grow into diploid females or haploid eggs that grow into haploid males. |
|
|
Term
| Phlylum Rotifera: males role? |
|
Definition
| haploid males can fertilize haploid eggs which will develop into diploid female. |
|
|
Term
| Phlylum Rotifera: males are... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phlylum Rotifera: unique body parts |
|
Definition
| crown of cilia at head and toes |
|
|
Term
| Phlylum Rotifera: what is the crown of cilia used for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phlylum Rotifera: use for toes? |
|
Definition
| attachment during feeding |
|
|
Term
| When did coelmates evolve into two lineages? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two coelomate lineages? |
|
Definition
| Protostomes and deuterostomes |
|
|
Term
| what are the characteristics of protostomes? |
|
Definition
| spiral cleavage, first opening that forms in embryo becomes mouth, coelom forms from mesodermal tissue |
|
|
Term
| what are the characteristics of deuterostomes? |
|
Definition
| radial cleavage, first opening that forms in embryo is anus, coelom forms out pocketing of gut wall lining. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mitotic cell divisions results in cuts at oblique angles relative to the main body axis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mitotic cell divisions result in cuts that are parallel to body axis at first, then perpendicular |
|
|
Term
| Phylum Mollusca (symmetry) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phylum Mollusca level of organization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phylum Mollusca: coelomate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phylum Mollusca: cephalization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phylum Mollusca: four major classes |
|
Definition
| polyplacophora, bivalvia, gastropoda, cephalopoda, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chitons, smaller group, eight plates make up shell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| clams and oysters, have two shells called valves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| snails slugs and some nudibranchs, some have shells, but internal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| squid and octopuses, internal shell called a pin, most intelligent invertebrates. |
|
|
Term
| what are the components of the bivalvia body plan? |
|
Definition
| two shells (valves), mantle, ctenidia, foot, retractor muscles, palps |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drapes like a skirt over entire body, secretes protein and calcium carbonate to make shell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized gills of mollusks, also used to filter food from water. |
|
|
Term
| what are the two components of the ctenidia? |
|
Definition
| incurrent siphon and excurrent siphon. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tube that brings water into bivalve for respiration or feeding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tube that expels water after oxygen and food is filtered out. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| musclular organ used for locomotion in most mollusks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| strong muscles used to keep shells closed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| collect food filtered by tenidia and sweep into mouth |
|
|
Term
| Components of the gastropodia body plan |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized mouth part used to scrape food from substrate (also found in polyplacophora) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| as gastropod embryo develops, cavity between mantle and shell twists counterclockwise, end up with anus just above mouth, only in gastropods |
|
|
Term
| class cephalopoda: external or internal shell? |
|
Definition
| internal (only nautilus retains external shell) |
|
|
Term
| class cephalopoda: how do they move? |
|
Definition
| jet propulsion,water is forced out of mantle cavity through a funnel shaped siphon. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized cells found in some cephalopods. Sheets of pigment that extend and retract on microfilaments, allowing body to change color rapidly. |
|
|
Term
| Mollusks are the only phylum of invertebrate that have a... |
|
Definition
| closed circulatory system. Heart pumps blood to gills, two accessory hearts pump blood thorugh out body. |
|
|
Term
| Phylum Annelida: symmetry |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phylum Annelida: level of organization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phylum Annelida: coelomates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phylum Annelida: cephalized |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phylum Annelida: segmentation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phylum Annelida: three major classes |
|
Definition
| oligochaeta, polychaeta, hirudinea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| earthworms, aquatic worms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| marine worms, feather duster worms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oligochaete:hair-like bristles used in locomotion |
|
|
Term
| class oligochaete: body wall covered in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| class oligochaete: skeletal system |
|
Definition
| hydrostatic skeleton-muscles work against fluid filled coelomic chambers |
|
|
Term
| class oligochaete: longitudinal muscles |
|
Definition
| contract (circular muscles relax) segments shorten and fatten, setae dig into soil. |
|
|
Term
| class oligochaete: circular muscles |
|
Definition
| contract (longitudinal muscles relax) segments lengthen, setae release and worms body moves forward |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| class oligochaete: to control volume and composition of body fluids with bladder like storage system |
|
|
Term
| class oligochaete: ciculatory system |
|
Definition
| closed with five hearts and ventral blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| class oligochaete: what is contained in the head? |
|
Definition
| rudimentary brain with ventral nerve chord that forms ganglion at each segment |
|
|
Term
| class oligochaete: four parts of the front gut |
|
Definition
| pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used for crushing food particles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transport crushed particles to crop |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used to mash food particles into even smaller pieces for easier digestion |
|
|
Term
| Class polychaete: habitat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Class polychaete: what do they look like? |
|
Definition
| elaborate head with pincher-like jaws, antennae, palps for food capture and eyes. Bristles extend from paired fleshy parapods on each segment. |
|
|
Term
| what is the distinguishing characteristic of class polychaete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phylum Arthropoda: symmetry |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phylum Arthropod: level of organization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phylum Arthropoda: coelomates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phylum Arthropoda: digestive system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phylum Arthropoda: cephalization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phylum Arthropoda: segmentation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| four major lineages of Phylum Arthropoda ? |
|
Definition
| trilobites, chelicerata, crustacea, uniramia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spiders, mites, scorpions, horseshoe crabs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| crabs, shrimps, barnacles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| insects, centipedes, milipedes |
|
|
Term
| Adaptations for arthropods suceess |
|
Definition
| hardened exoskeleton, jointed appendages, fused and modified segments, |
|
|
Term
| what good is a hardened exoskeleton? |
|
Definition
| protection from predators, support in non-aquatic envirnment, decrease evaporative water loss. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| through molting- shedding of exoskeleton so body can grow and new exoskeleton forms over expanded body. |
|
|
Term
| what good are jointed appendages? |
|
Definition
| allows for movement along substrate |
|
|
Term
| Phylum Arthropoda: respiratory structures |
|
Definition
| huge diversity in structures allows radiation into many different habitats (aquatic, marine, terrestrial, atmospheric) |
|
|
Term
| Phylum Arthropoda: specialized sensory structures |
|
Definition
| huge diversity on eye types allows for arthropods to take advantage of different habitats |
|
|
Term
| Phylum Arthropoda: division in life cycle |
|
Definition
| most arthropods have many different stages of development which may be better adapted for certain environmental conditions or habitat types |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forebody (cephalothorax) and hindbody (abdomen) |
|
|
Term
| Chelicerate: cephalothorax consists of: |
|
Definition
| four pair of jointed appendages for walking, one pair of pedipalps for sensory, one pair of chelicerae for biting and piercing food (some inject poison) |
|
|
Term
| Chelicerate: abdomen contains |
|
Definition
| reproductive organs,some contain silk glands for web spinning, respiratory system (book lung) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cephalothorax and abdomen, head has two pairs sof antenna, three pairs of food handling appendages, may have five pairs of walking legs, abdomen sometimes has modified appendages called swimmerettess for movement and reproduction and a tail. |
|
|
Term
| subphylum uniramia are considered the most |
|
Definition
| successful speices (very small, have great reproduciton capacities) |
|
|
Term
| subphylum uniramia: three body segments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| paired appendages and mouth parts for chewing, biting, sucking and puncturing |
|
|
Term
| subphylum uniramia: thorax |
|
Definition
| usually has three pairs of walking legs and one or two pairs of wings (only invertebrates with wings), |
|
|
Term
| subphylum uniramia; how are millipedes and centipedes the exceptions? |
|
Definition
| milipedes have two pairs of legs per fused body segment. and centipedes have one pair of legs per body segments. |
|
|
Term
| subphylum uniramia: three part gut |
|
Definition
| foregut, midgut (digestion and waste elimination) and hindgut (water reabsorption) |
|
|
Term
| subphylum uniramia: role of malpighian tubules |
|
Definition
| attach to midgut and serve in elimination of wastes. |
|
|
Term
| types of insect development |
|
Definition
| incomplete metamorphosis and complete metamorphosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| immature form resembles adult form and grows through a series of molts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tissues from immature form are destroyed and replaced by adult tissues before adult emerges |
|
|
Term
| Phylum echinodermata: symmetry |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phylum echinodermata: level of organization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phylum echinodermata: coelomates |
|
Definition
| coelomeates, deuterostomes |
|
|
Term
| Phylum echinodermata; digestive system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phylum echinodermata: cephalization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phylum echinodermata: five major classes |
|
Definition
| asteroidea, ophioridea, echinodea, holothuroidea, crinoidea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sea urchins and sand dollars |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sea lillies, feather stars |
|
|
Term
| sea star body plan: body wall has spines or plates made of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sea star internal skelton made of |
|
Definition
| ossicles (also calcium carbonate) |
|
|
Term
| how do sea stars digest their prey |
|
Definition
| by pushing lower stomach out of mouth and around prey, digestive glands secretes digestive enzymes into stomachs, some waste excrete through anus, larger waste excreted through lower stomach |
|
|
Term
| where is the reproductive system found in sea stars? |
|
Definition
| scattered throughout in arms |
|
|
Term
| sea stars means for locomotion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two major structures included in the water vascular system: |
|
Definition
| tube feet, stone ring and radial canals |
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Term
| sea stars: water vascular system: what is the purpose of the tube feet |
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Definition
| used for gliding across substrate, like having hundreds of suction cups for feet |
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Term
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Definition
| bulbouse end of each tube foot, controls suction of tube foot |
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Term
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Definition
| in sea stars. open to water through sieve plate, allows for the constantexchange of water into water vascular system |
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Term
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Definition
| sea stars. attached to stone canal, circles around center of body |
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Term
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Definition
| sea stars. branch out from ring canal and into each arn of sea star attach to ampulae for tube foot control. |
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