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Chapter 2
The Human Body in Health and Disease
60
Medical
Undergraduate 2
10/12/2011

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Term
abdominal cavity
Definition
contains primarily the major organs of digestion
Term
adenectomy
Definition
the surgical removal of a gland
Term
adenocarcinoma
Definition
a malignant tumor that originates in glandular tissue
Term
adenoma
Definition
a benign tumor that arises in, or resembles, glandular tissue
Term
adenomalacia
Definition
the abnormal softening of a gland
Term
adenosclerosis
Definition
the abnormal hardening of a gland
Term
anaplasia
Definition
a change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other
Term
anatomy
Definition
the study of the structures of the body
Term
anomaly
Definition
deviation from what is regarded as normal
Term
anterior
Definition
situated in the front
Term
aplasia
Definition
the defective development, or the congenital absence, of an organ or tissue
Term
bloodborne transmission
Definition
the spread of a disease through contact with blood or other body fluids that are contaminated with blood
Term
caudal
Definition
toward the lower part of the body
Term
cephalic
Definition
toward the head
Term
chromosomes
Definition
the genetic structures located within the nucleus of each cell
Term
communicable disease
Definition
any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either by direct or indirect contact with contaminated objects
Term
congenital disorder
Definition
an abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth
Term
cytoplasm
Definition
the material within the cell membrane that is NOT part of the nucleus
Term
distal
Definition
situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure
Term
dorsal
Definition
refers to the back of the organ or body
Term
dysplasia
Definition
abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs
Term
endemic
Definition

the ongoing presence of a disease within a population, group, or area

ex. common cold

Term
endocrine glands
Definition

produce hormones

*No ducts

Term
epidemic
Definition
a sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area
Term
epigastric region
Definition
located above the stomach
Term
etiology
Definition
the study of the causes of diseases
Term
exocrine glands
Definition

secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body

ex. sweat glands

Term
functional disorder
Definition

produces symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified

ex. panic attack

Term
genetic disorder
Definition
a pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene
Term
geriatrician
Definition
a physician who specializes in the care of older people
Term
hemophilia
Definition

a group of hereditary bleeding disorders in which a blood-clotting factor is missing

*Spontaneous hemorrhages

*Severe bleeding

Term
histology
Definition
the study of the structure, composition, and function of tissues
Term
homeostasis
Definition
the process through which the body maintains a constant internal environment
Term
hyperplasia
Definition
the enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an abnormal increase in the number of cells in the tissues
Term
hypertrophy
Definition
a general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in the size, but not in the number of cells in the tissues
Term
hypogastric region
Definition
located below the stomach
Term
hypoplasia
Definition
the incomplete development of an organ or tissue usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells
Term
iatrogenic illness
Definition
an unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment
Term
idiopathic disorder
Definition
an illness without known cause
Term
infectious disease
Definition
illness caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses
Term
inguinal 
Definition

*Relating to the groin

*Refers to the entire lower area of the abdomen

Term
medial
Definition
means the direction toward, or nearer, the midline
Term
mesentery
Definition
a fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall
Term
midsagittal plane
Definition
(midline) Divides the body into equal L and R halves
Term
nonsocomial infection
Definition
a disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting
Term
pandemic
Definition
refers to an outbreak of a disease occuring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide
Term
pelvic cavity
Definition
space formed by the hip bones and it contains primarily the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems
Term
peritoneum
Definition
multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity
Term
peritonitis
Definition
inflammation of the peritoneum
Term
phenylketonuria
Definition
(PKU) Genetic disorder in which the essential digestive enzyme, phenylalanine hydroxylase, is missing
Term
physiology
Definition
study of the functions of the structures of the body
Term
posterior
Definition
situated in the back
Term
proximal
Definition
situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure
Term
retroperitoneal
Definition
located behind the peritoneum
Term
stem cells
Definition
unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division
Term
thoracic cavity
Definition
(chest cavity or thorax) Surrounds and protects the heart and lungs
Term
transverse plane
Definition
horizontal plane that divides the body into superior(upper) and inferior(lower) portions
Term
umbilicus
Definition
(belly button) Pit in the center of the abdominal wall; marks the point where the umbilical cord was attached before birth
Term
vector-borne transmission
Definition
spread of certain disease due to the bite of a vector (insect or animal)
Term
ventral
Definition
front, or belly side, of the organ or body
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