Term
| What refers to any disorder of the blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This refers to disease processes that cause the breakdown of RBCs |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| This refers to bleeding and clotting abnormalities |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The term refering the blood components and the organs involved in their development and production |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the hematopoitic system consist of |
|
Definition
| organs and tissues, primarily bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
| What is the nutritional function of blood |
|
Definition
| blood carries nutrients such as glucose, proteins, and fats from the digestive tract to cells throughout the body |
|
|
Term
| what is the regulatory function of the blood |
|
Definition
| transports hormones to their target organs and transmits external heat to the body surface |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| molecules in the body that react to foreign antigens in the body |
|
|
Term
| what two components make up blood |
|
Definition
| plasma and formed elements |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of blood is plasma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of blood is formed elements |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 92% water, and 6% to 7% protein |
|
|
Term
| What is the formed elements made of |
|
Definition
| RBCs, WBCs, and Thrombocytes |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of RBCs make up the formed elements |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the production of RBCs occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RBC production is stimulated by what protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what organ secrets erythropoietin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long does it take a RBC to mature |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the average life span of a RBC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What three lab tests are perfomed on blood |
|
Definition
| RBC count, hemoglobin level, and hematocrit measurement |
|
|
Term
| What is the iron rich protein in the blood that carries oxygen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the proportion of RBC's in total blood volume |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are WBCs derived from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the smallest of formed elements |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are platelets responsible for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the bodies natural blood clotting mechanism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the opposite of hemostasis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are platelets derived from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the average life span of a platelet |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the major players of the hematologic system |
|
Definition
| bone marrow, liver, spleen |
|
|
Term
| where is the promary site for cell production within the human body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is bone marrow found |
|
Definition
| most of the long bones, pelvis, skull, and vertebrae |
|
|
Term
| What produces the clotting factors found in the blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are substances in the blood needed for clotting |
|
Definition
| clotting factors / coagulation factors |
|
|
Term
| What filters the blood, removing toxins, and is essential to normal metabolism and homeostasis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to old RBCs when they enter the liver |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a highly vascular organ that also stores blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A vascular organ tha is involved with filtering and breakdown of RBCs, assists with the production of lymphocytes, and has an important role in providing homeostasis and infection control |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what sores about one third of the platelets in the body |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| substances identified to the body as foreign |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| If the body already has antibodies for an antigen what will happen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you check for a possibly low RBC count |
|
Definition
| outstrech palm and look at creases white creases could mean low hematocrit or low RBC. (only good for normal-temp skin) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The immune system consists of two types of immunity |
|
Definition
| Native (innate) immunity and acquired (adaptive) immunity |
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|
Term
| what immunity proviedes a nonspecific, maximal response to any disturbance |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what immunity is the first line of defense against pathogens |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what immunity is associated with the initial inflammatoru response |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what immunity is specific to vertebrates |
|
Definition
| Acquired (adaptive) immunity |
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|
Term
| what immunity provides a pathogen-specific response |
|
Definition
| acquired (adaptive) immunity |
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|
Term
| Immune system responses can be categorized into what two responses |
|
Definition
| Humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity |
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|
Term
| what immunity refers to the secretion of antibodies calle immunoglobulins |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are antibodies that recognize a specific antigen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what immunity does macrophages and T cells attack and destroy foreign substances |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a primary component of the immune system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Higher levels of WBCs in the blood stream may indicate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In overwhelming sepsis what is the WBC count in the blood stream |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What gender usually has a higher baseline of WBC circulating in the blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does the life cycle of a WBC begin |
|
Definition
| when bone marrow releases cells called a granulocyte |
|
|
Term
| how long do granulocytes remain in circulation |
|
Definition
| 6 to 12 hours unless it travels to tissues where it lives for a few more days |
|
|
Term
| what system recycles RBCs and WBCs |
|
Definition
| reticuloenothelial system |
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|
Term
| The type of blood indicates what |
|
Definition
| what type of antigen found in the plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
| The Rh factor was found in what first |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the clotting of blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are alterations in the hemostasis process |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the immediate physiologic response to hemorrhage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what vasoconstrictor is released locally |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if a hemorrhage presents a major threat to homeostasis what potent vasoconstrictor is released |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the secondary response to hemorrhage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| platelets are small cellular fragments that stick to what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does collagen exist |
|
Definition
| deep within the membrane of the blood vessels. |
|
|
Term
| when collagen is exposed by a cut |
|
Definition
| platelets attach and then release a chemical for more platelets to attach |
|
|
Term
| what are clots made up of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what converts fibrinogen into fibrin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what acts as a binding agent, holding fibrin fibers close together to form the meshwork of the clot |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what refers to the process by which clotting factors work together to ultimately form fibrin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can the clotting cascade be activated |
|
Definition
| intrinsic or extrinsic factors |
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|
Term
| what pathway is triggered by elements within the blood itself |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what pathway is activated by tissue damage ouside the blood vessel |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is any process that interferes with the activation or contiuation of the clotting cascade or hemostasis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when do many hematologic disorders manifest themselves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| because some patients with a blood disorder may be unwilling to disclose the condition for fear of being trated differently from people without the disorder what approach is essential |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what should standard precautions consist of at a minimum for a hematological emergency |
|
Definition
| gloves and eye protection |
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|
Term
| what might an african american patient or any patient of Mediterranean descent who reports severe pain may have |
|
Definition
| undiagnosed sickle cell disease |
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|
Term
| what may a sickle cell crisis also exhibit signs of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Medical term for a bloody nose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the medical term for blood in the stool |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the medical term for coughing up blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what anti-inflammatory drugs and herbals devrease platelet aggregation |
|
Definition
| aspirin and ibuprofen & ginkgo, garlic, ginger, ginseng, feverfew |
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|
Term
| What is—by far—the leading ingerited blood disorder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a disease that causes the RBCs to be misshapen resulting in poor oxygen-carrying capability and potentially resulting in lodging of the RBCs in blood vessels or the spleen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the lifespan of a sickle shaped RBC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sickle cell disease may lead to what two crises |
|
Definition
| aplastic crisis or hemolytic crisis |
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|
Term
| in what crisis does the body temproarily stop RBC production causing the pt to become easily tired, anemic, pale, and sob. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what crisis is there when there is acute RBC destruction leading to jaundice. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is significant about both aplastic and hemolytic crises |
|
Definition
| both rapidly evolve into anemia, leukocytosis, and fever |
|
|
Term
| What could happen if the sickle shape RBC is lodged into a small vessel |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what crisis results from blood flow to an organ becoming restricted, cuasing pain, ischemia, and ofent organ damage. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long do most vasoocclusive crises last |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organ may rupture as a result of sickle cells obstructing and narrowing vessels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what vasoocclusive crisis can be associated with pneumonia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What crisis is caused by sickle cells within the spleen blocking blood from leaving the spleen |
|
Definition
| splenic sequestration crisis |
|
|
Term
| what s/s do pt with splenic sequestration crisis have |
|
Definition
| painful acute abdomen with sudden weaness, pallor, tachypnea, and tachycardia |
|
|
Term
| acute plenic sequestration usually occurs in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| medical term for yellowing of the eye |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pediatric pts having a sickle cell crisis usually report pain in the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do adult pts typically present with pain having a sickle cell crisis |
|
Definition
| back and proximal extremity |
|
|
Term
| Sickle cell my mimic what |
|
Definition
| appendicitis or opiate withdrawals |
|
|
Term
| how does high flow O2 help a pt with sickle cell crisis |
|
Definition
| prevents further destruction of RBCs due to hypoxia |
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|
Term
| What is defined as a hemoglobin or an erythrocyte level that is lower than normal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the most common type of anemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are typical causes of Iron deficiency anemia |
|
Definition
| GI blood loss, Menstrual bleeding , and blood loss due to frequent donations or diag tests |
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|
Term
| What is related to children being anemic |
|
Definition
| premature birth or low birth weight |
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|
Term
| What is a type of anemia in which not enough hemoglobin is produced, or the hemoglobin is defective. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What reduction is common in people with anemia |
|
Definition
| leukopenia and thrombopenia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are tiny purple or red spots that appear on the skin due to bleeding whith in the skin or under mucous membranes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Low platelet count could cause this cutaneous bleeding |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Disease that involves the lymphoid system. This type of cancer, bloodcells—typically WBCs—develop abnormally and/or excessively. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| system primarily made up of the bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen tha participates in formation of lymphocytes and immune responses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thrombocytopenia, anemia, and leukocytosis |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| leukemia develops more prevelant in this population |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| leukemia is under two classifications |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this leukemia bone marrow is replaced with abnormal lymphoblasts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In this leukemia abnormal lymphoid cells accumulate in the bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, and peripheral blood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which leukemia is found by chance during blood screenings were tests show a high level of lymphocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These are groups of molignant diseases that arise within th lymphoid system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lymphomas can be branched into these two classes |
|
Definition
| non-Hodgkin Lymphoma and Hodgkin Lymphoma |
|
|
Term
| Which accounts for the majority of lymphoma cases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which lymphoma can occur at any age in any person and can be hereditary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This type of lymphoma is a painless, progressive enlargement of the lymphoid glands, most commony affecting the spleen and the lymph nodes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a highly rare form of lymphoma that is suspected to have some hereditary components |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what disease presents after pts complain of night sweats, chills, persistent cough, and swelling of various lymph nodes (usually in the neck first) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which lymphoma is twice as common in men as in women |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This Symptom may present in someone with Hodgkin Lymphoma |
|
Definition
| being hot and then cold or even both in different areas of the body. |
|
|
Term
| This is characteriszed by an overabundance or overproduction of RBCs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can polycythemia be caused? |
|
Definition
| caused by a rare disorder originating in a single stem cell or an existing disease such as CHF or hypertension. Also for living in high altitude. |
|
|
Term
| Polycythemia can cause what other conditions? |
|
Definition
| stroes, TIAs, headaches, and abnormal pain (usually in the spleen) |
|
|
Term
| what skin color is usually associated with polycythemia |
|
Definition
| purplish skin with red hands and feet |
|
|
Term
| Medical term for unspecified itching |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What may result from any number of life-threatening conditions such as massive injury and hypotension due to trauma. |
|
Definition
| Disseminated intravascular coagulation |
|
|
Term
| Sepsis and obstetric complications may also cause this |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens in the first stage of DIC |
|
Definition
| Free thrombin and fibrin deposits in the blood increase and platelets being to aggregate |
|
|
Term
| What happens in the second stage of DIC |
|
Definition
| incontrolled bleeding, hypotension, and shock |
|
|
Term
| What is a medical term for black and blue marks |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the causes of theses S/S: Shock, skin changes ranging from cold and clammy to pallor to purport on the chest and abdomen |
|
Definition
| Dissemenated Intravascular coagulation |
|
|
Term
| What treatment is last for pts sufforing DIC |
|
Definition
| Treatment for altered heart rhythms |
|
|
Term
| Theses pts suffor multiple organ failure at once and possibly bleeding from IV sites, into joints, and intracranial |
|
Definition
| Dissemiated intravascular coagulation |
|
|
Term
| This is a bleeding disorder in which clotting does not occur or occurs insufficiently |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This is a type of hemophyliac disease in which clotting does not occur sufficiently |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hemophilia is divided into how many primary types |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This type of hemphilia is due to low levels of factor VIII (antihemophilic globulin and anti hemophilic factor) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This type of hemophilia is associated with a deficiency of factor IX (plasma thromboplastin component, also known as the Christmas factor) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a major cause in death for Hemophiliacs |
|
Definition
| Spontaneos intracranial bleeding |
|
|
Term
| In this disease the number of plasma cells (B cells that form antibodies) in the bone marrow increases abnormally, forming tumors in the bone. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes decrease in RBC, WBC, and platelet production in Multiple Myeloma |
|
Definition
| Tumors in the bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| What is another term for cancerous cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What may accelerate protein development in the bloodstream, leading to organ failure (primarily in the kidneys) and eventually death |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what disease may the bone spontaneously fracture |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a reaction to a blood transfusion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A transfusion reaction is similar to what other reaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most transfusion reactions are going to occur within what time frame? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This type of transfusion reaction is the greatest threat to the pt during blood transfusion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Was the primary cause of a hemolytic reaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common transfusion complication |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This reaction follows the signs of an anaphylactic reaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This transfusion related injury is a noncardiogenic pulmonary edema caused by increased capillary permeability post transfusion |
|
Definition
| Transfusion-related lung injury |
|
|
Term
| why are diuretics generally not effective in a person sufforing a transfusion-related lung injury |
|
Definition
| edema is not a result of fluid overload or cardiac failure. |
|
|
Term
| Rapid infusion may lead to this condition which may mimic CHF |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Circulatory overload occurs in what population usually |
|
Definition
| those with preexisting cardiomyopathy or ventricular dysfunction. |
|
|
Term
| How do you treat circulatory overload |
|
Definition
| treat like CHF with diuretics, nitrates, morphine, and O2 |
|
|
Term
| This transfusion complication is usually because of poor handling, or contamination during the infusion process |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is care centered on for a transfusion reaction |
|
Definition
| stop the transfusion, providing hemodynamic supportive care, and maximize kidney production |
|
|
Term
| What are essential medications in any anaphylactic reaction |
|
Definition
| Epinephrine and Diphenhydramine |
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|
