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Chapter 24
Paramedic: Hematologic Emergencies
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02/12/2013

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Term
What refers to any disorder of the blood?
Definition
Hematologic Disorder 1245
Term
What refers to disease processes that cause the breakdown of red blood cells?
Definition
Hemolytic Disorders 1245
Term
What refers to bleeding and clotting abnormalities?
Definition
Hemostatic Disorders 1245
Term
What is the blood components and the organs involved in their development and production?
Definition
Hematopoietic System 1245
Term
What consists of organs and tissues, primarily bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes, involved in the production of blood components?
Definition
Hematopoietic System 1245
Term
What is the fluid of life and without it, we would not be able to live?
Definition
Blood 1245
Term
What function of blood transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs?
Definition
Respiratory Function 1245
Term
What function of blood carries nutrients (glucose, proteins, and fats) from the digestive tract to cells throughout the body?
Definition
Nutritional Function 1245
Term
What function of blood ferries the waste products of metabolism from the cells where they are produced to the excretory organs?
Definition
Excretory Function 1245
Term
What function of blood transports hormones to their target organs and transmits excess internal heat to the surface of the body to be dissipated?
Definition
Regulatory Function 1245
Term
What function of blood carries defensive cells and antibodies, which protect the body against foreign organisms?
Definition
Defensive Functions 1245
Term
What are molecules in the body that react against foreign antigens in the body?
Definition
Antibodies 1245
Term
What are the two main components of blood?
Definition
Plasma and Formed Elements (Cells) 1245
Term
What is essentially 92% water and 6%-7% proteins; the remainder consists of a variety of other elements (including electrolytes, clotting factors, and glucose)?
Definition
Plasma 1245
Term
How much of plasma is made up of water?
Definition
92% 1245
Term
How much does plasma account for total blood volume?
Definition
55% 1245
Term
How much do the formed elements account for total blood volume?
Definition
45% 1245
Term
What do the formed elements include?
Definition
Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, and Thrombocytes 1245
Term
What are red blood cells?
Definition
Erythrocytes (RBCs) 1245
Term
What are white blood cells?
Definition
Leukocytes (WBCs) 1245
Term
What are platelets?
Definition
Thrombocytes 1245
Term
What makes up 99% of the formed elements?
Definition
RBCs 1245
Term
Where does production of RBCs occur?
Definition
Within Stem Cells 1245
Term
What protein stimulates the production of RBCs?
Definition
Erythropoietin 1245
Term
Where is erythropoietin secreted from in response to circulatory need?
Definition
Kidneys 1245
Term
How long may it take for RBCs to mature?
Definition
As long as 5 days 1245
Term
What is the average life span of RBCs?
Definition
4 months 1245
Term
What 3 laboratory tests are commonly performed on blood?
Definition
RBC Count, Hemoglobin Level, and Hematocrit Measurement 1245
Term
What measures the number of RBCs in a sample of blood?
Definition
RBC Count 1245
Term
What identifies the amount of hemoglobin found within RBCs?
Definition
Hemoglobin Level 1245
Term
What gives the overall proportion of RBCs in the blood?
Definition
Hematocrit Measurement 1245
Term
What provide the body with immunity against "foreign invaders?"
Definition
White Blood Cells (WBCs) 1245
Term
What are cells that develop into other types of cells in the body?
Definition
Stem Cells 1245
Term
What are the smallest of the formed elements and are responsible for the clotting of the blood?
Definition
Platelets 1245
Term
What form the initial plug following vascular injury?
Definition
Platelets 1245
Term
What is a highly complex process that allows the body to stop bleeding through vascular spasm, coagulating, and platelet plugging?
Definition
Hemostasis 1245-1246
Term
What is the opposite of hemostasis?
Definition
Hemorrhage 1246
Term
How many platelets circulate throughout the blood?
Definition
Approximately 2/3 1246
Term
How many platelets are stored in the spleen?
Definition
Approximately 1/3 1246
Term
Where are platelets derived?
Definition
Stem Cells 1246
Term
What is the average life span of platelets?
Definition
5-11 Days 1246
Term
What are the major players in the hematologic system?
Definition
Bone, Marrow, Liver, and Spleen 1246
Term
Where is the primary site for cell production within the human body?
Definition
Bone Marrow 1246
Term
Where is bone marrow found?
Definition
Long Bones, Pelvis, Skull, and Vertebrae 1246
Term
What produces the clotting factors found in the blood?
Definition
The Liver 1246
Term
What are substances found in the blood that are necessary for clotting?
Definition
Clotting Factors 1246
Term
What happens to old RBCs when they enter the liver?
Definition
Broken Down into Bile 1246
Term
What is involved with the filtering and breakdown of erythrocytes, assists with the production of lymphocytes, and has an important role in providing homeostasis and infection control?
Definition
The Spleen 1246
Term
What are substances within the body that can activate the immune system?
Definition
Antigens 1246
Term
What is a type of disease in which the body identifies its own antigens as a foreign body and activates the inflammatory system, sending out antibodies to destroy the antigen?
Definition
Autoimmune Disease 1246-1247
Term
What is a highly complex biologic system whose processes protect the body from pathogens and other unwanted material?
Definition
The Immune System 1247
Term
What 2 types of immunity does the immune system consist?
Definition
Native Immunity (Innate) and Acquired Immunity (Adaptive) 1247
Term
What provides nonspecific, maximal response to any disturbance?
Definition
Native Immunity 1247
Term
What operates as the first line of defense against pathogens?
Definition
Native Immunity 1247
Term
What is specific to vertebrates, and provides a pathogen-specific response?
Definition
Acquired Immunity 1247
Term
What response arises when the body is exposed to a foreign substance or disease and produces antibodies to the invader?
Definition
Acquired Immunity 1247
Term
What are the 2 types of immune system responses?
Definition
Humoral and Cell-Mediated 1247
Term
What refers to the secretion of antibodies called immunoglobulins, which recognize a specific antigen?
Definition
Humoral Immunity 1247
Term
What is the immune process where macrophages and T cells attack and destroy pathogens or foreign substances?
Definition
Cell-Mediated 1247
Term
Where are WBCs and RBCs recycled?
Definition
Reticuloendothelial System 1248
Term
What is the commonly used blood classification system, based on the antigens present or absent in the blood?
Definition
ABO System 1248
Term
What blood type has no ABO antigens?
Definition
Type O 1248
Term
What blood type is the universal donor?
Definition
Type O 1248
Term
What blood type has no ABO antibodies?
Definition
Type AB 1248
Term
What blood type is the universal recipient?
Definition
Type AB 1248
Term
How many Caucasians and African Americans in the United States have the Rh antigen?
Definition
85%-90% 1248
Term
What is the immediate physiologic response to hemorrhage?
Definition
Vasoconstriction 1248
Term
What is narrowing of the blood vessels to clamp down and cut off blood flow at the affected site?
Definition
Vasoconstriction 1248
Term
What is a local vasoconstrictor that is released in response to an hemorrhage?
Definition
Thromboxane 1248
Term
What is the secondary response to hemorrhage?
Definition
Platelet Plugging 1248
Term
What are small cellular fragments that stick to collagen and become activated?
Definition
Platelets 1248-1249
Term
What are clots themselves made up of?
Definition
Fibrin 1249
Term
What is the clotting process when an injury is detected?
Definition
Thrombin coverts Fibrinogen to Fibrin 1249
Term
What acts as a binding agent, holding fibrin fibers close together to form the meshwork of the clot?
Definition
Calcium 1249
Term
What is the term that refers to the process by which clotting factors work together to ultimately form fibrin-can be initiated through either an intrinsic or an extrinsic pathway?
Definition
Clotting Cascade 1249
Term
What is trigged by elements within the blood itself?
Definition
Intrinsic Pathway 1249
Term
What is activated by tissue damage outside of the blood vessels themselves?
Definition
Extrinsic Pathways 1249
Term
What is any process that interferes with the activation or continuation of the clotting cascade or hemostasis?
Definition
Coagulopathy 1249
Term
What are bleeding disorders that can lead to heavy or prolonged bleeding?
Definition
Coagulopathy 1249
Term
What is by far the leading inherited blood disorder?
Definition
Sickle Cell Disease 1252
Term
Approximately how many Americans have sickle cell disease?
Definition
70,000-100,000 1252
Term
How many infants are estimated to be born with sickle cell each year in Africa?
Definition
200,000 1252
Term
What is a temporary stop in the production of red blood cells?
Definition
Aplastic Crisis 1252
Term
What is a disorder relating to the breakdown of RBCs?
Definition
Hemolytic Crisis 1252
Term
What is a condition in which a patient with sickle cell disease experiences significant pain due to insufficient passage of oxygen and nutrients into tissues and joints because of vessel congestion?
Definition
Sickle Cell Crisis 1252
Term
What results from blood flow to an organ becoming restricted, causing pain, ischemia, and often organ damage?
Definition
Vasoocclusive Crisis 1252
Term
How long do most vasoocclusive crisis's last?
Definition
5-7 Days 1252
Term
What is a vasoocclusive crisis that can be associated with pneumonia?
Definition
Acute Chest Syndrome 1252
Term
What are some common signs and symptoms of acute chest syndrome?
Definition
Chest Pain, Fever, and Cough 1252
Term
What is caused by sickle cells within the spleen blocking blood from leaving the spleen, which results in painful, acute enlargement of the spleen and a hard and bloated abdomen?
Definition
Splenic Sequestration Crisis 1252
Term
What is a condition in which RBCs become trapped in the spleen, causing a dramatic fall in hemoglobin available in the circulation; usually occurs in infants and toddlers?
Definition
Acute Splenic Sequestration Syndrome 1252
Term
What is defined as a hemoglobin or an erythrocyte level that is lower than normal?
Definition
Anemia 1253
Term
What is the most common type of anemia in which iron stores are low or lacking and the serum iron concentration is low?
Definition
Iron Deficiency Anemia 1253
Term
What is a type of anemia in which not enough hemoglobin is produced, or the hemoglobin is defective?
Definition
Thalassemia 1253
Term
What is a reduction in WBCs?
Definition
Leukopenia 1253
Term
What is a reduction in platelets?
Definition
Thrombocytopenia 1253
Term
What are tiny purple or red spots that appear on the skin due to bleeding within the skin or under mucous membranes?
Definition
Petechiae 1253
Term
What is a disease that develops in the lymphoid system?
Definition
Leukemia 1254
Term
What is the system primarily made up of the bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen that participates in formation of lymphocytes and immune response?
Definition
Lymphoid System 1254
Term
What is increased WBCs?
Definition
Leukocytosis 1254
Term
What are lymphocytes transformed because of stimulation by an antigen?
Definition
Lymphoblast 1254
Term
What are bone marrow replace by in acute leukemia?
Definition
Lymphoblast 1254
Term
What accumulates in the bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, and peripheral blood in chronic leukemia?
Definition
Abnormal Mature Lymphoid Cells 1254
Term
What are a group of malignant diseases that arise within the lymphoid system?
Definition
Lymphomas 1255
Term
What are the two categories of lymphomas?
Definition
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma and Hodgkin Lymphoma 1255
Term
What categories may cancers by characterized based on the progression of the disease?
Definition
Indolent, Aggressive, or Highly Aggressive 1255
Term
What is characterized by an overabundance or overproduction of RBCs?
Definition
Polycythemia 1256
Term
What is uncontrolled itching?
Definition
Pruritus 1256
Term
What is a life-threatening condition commonly found in severe trauma?
Definition
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) 1256
Term
What is a bleeding disorder in which clotting does not occur or occurs insufficiently?
Definition
Hemophilia 1257
Term
What two categories is hemophilia classified into?
Definition
Type A and Type B 1257
Term
What is blood in the urine or stool?
Definition
Melena 1257
Term
What is a disease in which the number of plasma cells in the bone marrow increases abnormally, causing tumors to form in the bones?
Definition
Multiple Myeloma 1257
Term
What may also accelerate protein development in the bloodstream, leading to organ failure (primarily the kidneys) and eventually death?
Definition
Neoplastic Cells 1257
Term
What is another term for cancerous cells?
Definition
Neoplastic Cells 1257
Term
What is a physiologic response that is similar to an anaphylactic reaction, in which the body reacts to the infusion of blood; occurs rapidly and can cause severe circulatory collapse and death?
Definition
Transfusion Reaction 1257
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