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| A system of government in which the people are regulated by both federal and state governments. |
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| A doctrine referring to the right of the federal government to be the exclusive lawmaker in certain areas. |
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| "After the fact"; refers to laws that impose criminal responsibility for acts that were not crimes at the time the acts occurred. |
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| The power of authority to act in a certain situation; the power of a court to hear cases and render judgments. |
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| The sole power or authority to act in a certain situation. |
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| A term that describes situations where more than one entity has the power to regulate or act. |
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| The clause in the U.S. Constitution making the Constitution and the laws of the United States the supreme law of the land. |
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| Laws made by the legislative branch. |
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| A term that describes a legislature consisting of two houses. |
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| The power to first hear a case; court where trial takes place. |
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| The open-court process where all parties present evidence, question witnesses, and generally put their case before the court. |
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| To support the statements of another. |
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| In a trial, the one who determines the true facts; either a jury or, if a case is tried without a jury, the judge. |
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| The power of the federal courts to hear a case. |
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| A basis for federal court jurisdiction where the plaintiff and defendant are residents of different states and the amount in controversy exceeds $75,000. |
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| A term that describes the entire panel of judges on a court hearing a case. |
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| The power of a court to review what happened in a lower court. |
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| A record containing copies of documents filed in connection with a court proceeding prepared by a court clerk. |
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| A verbatim record of the oral proceedings in court; prepared by the court reporter. |
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| A written document containing factual and legal contentions; prepared by attorneys dealing with an appeal in a case. |
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| The directions read to the jury by the judge; they simplify the law applicable to the case. |
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| To uphold; used in connection with an appeal to uphold the lower court's decision. |
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| To change; used in connection with an appeal to overturn the lower court's decision. |
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| To send back; used in connection with an appeal to return the case to the lower court. |
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| petition for writ of certiorari |
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| A document filed with the Supreme Court requesting a hearing. |
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| A judicial officer; federal officers are appointed by judges or federal district courts; these officers have some of the powers of a judge. |
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