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| movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration |
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| facilitates exchange of materials providing a rapid, long-distance, internal transport system that brings resources close enough to cells for diffusion to occur |
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| circulating fluid is pumped through open-ended vessels and flows out among the cells |
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| Closed Circulatory System |
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| circulating fluid remains in closed vessels and is distinct from the fluid around the cells (interstitial fluid) |
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requires less energy in operation & maintenance and provides support during molting
(OPEN VS CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS) |
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more efficient at moving materials in highly developed vertebrates
(OPEN VS CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS) |
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| system which contains both the heart and blood vessels |
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Term
1. Atria
2. Ventricles
3. Arteries
4. Arterioles
5. Capillaries
6. Venules
7. Veins |
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Definition
| Name the 7 Basic parts of the Cardiovascular System |
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| collect blood returning to heart and pump it into ventricles |
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| pump blood out of heart to the other body organs; more powerful than atria |
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| connect arteries to capillaries |
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| connect arteries to capillaries |
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| connect capillaries to veins |
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| Double circulatory system |
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Definition
| system in which blood is transported through both pulmonary and systemic circuits |
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| blood travels between the heart and lungs |
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| blood travels between the heart and rest of body |
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| muscular organ consisting of four chambers that pumps blood throughout the body |
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| prevent back-flow and keep blood moving in the correct direction |
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| one complete cycle consisting of pumping and filling the heart (beat) |
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| How to calculate heart rate? |
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| defect in a valve causing blood to squirt back through, creating a hissing sound |
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neurons that set rate and timing at which all cardiac cells contract
~Located in wall of right atrium |
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neuronal relay that insures ventricles contact after atria (0.1 sec)
~Located in wall between right atrium and right ventricle |
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Term
1.) Connective tissue with elastic fibers (outer)
2.) Smooth muscle with elastic fibers (middle)
3.) Endothelium (inner) |
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Definition
| Blood Vessels consist of what 3 layers? |
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Definition
hydrostatic pressure that blood exerts against the walls of vessels which propels blood throughout the body
~Much greater in arteries than veins
~Gravity effects blood pressure in larger land animals |
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| rhythmic contraction of arteries caused by pressure of blood forced into arteries during systole |
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| liquid matrix containing cells in suspension (55% of blood composition; 90% water) |
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~Most numerous blood cell (25 trillion/5 L)
~Small (7 – 8.5 µm)
~Function: transport oxygen/carbon dioxide |
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| abnormally low number of RBC’s or amount of hemoglobin |
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| iron-containing protein that transports oxygen/carbon dioxide |
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~Less numerous than RBC’s (25-50 billion/5 L)
~Large (10 – 20 µm); nucleated
~Function: immunity |
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| cancerous line of stem cells that produces a high number of WBC’s |
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~Numerous (7.5-20 X 1011/5 L)
~Cell fragments (2 – 3 µm); unnucleated
~Function: blood clotting
~Too few can cause excessive bleeding
~Too many can cause clots |
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Definition
| formation of a clot in absence of an injury; coagulation inside a blood vessel |
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any number of disorders of the heart and blood vessels
~Account for more than 50% of US deaths |
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1. Genetic predisposition
2. Sedentary lifestyle
3. Smoking
4. Diet |
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Definition
| 4 Causes of Cardiovascular Disease |
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Definition
| hardening/narrowing of arteries |
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| death of cardiac tissue due to prolonged blockage of one or more coronary arteries |
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| death of nervous tissue in the brain due to blockage or rupture of arteries in the head |
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Term
1. Artherosclerosis
2. Heart attack
3. stroke |
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Definition
| 3 types of Cardiovascular Diseases |
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| animal’s body part in which gas exchange occurs |
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extensions or outfoldings of the body’s surface in aquatic animals
~Can remove 80% of dissolved oxygen in water |
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| tiny air tubes that branch throughout the body of insects |
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paired organs restricted to a specific region (thoracic cavity) that uses the circulatory system to extend functions
**Found in snails, spiders, and terrestrial vertebrates |
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| alternate inhalation/exhalation of air; ventilates lungs |
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| sheet of skeletal muscle that increases lung volume (inhalation) when contracted |
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1.) Cigarette smoke contains over 4,000 different chemicals – many toxic
2.)Smoke irritates and damages cells that line the respiratory system, inhibiting its normal function
3.) Smoking leads to increased risks of lung cancer, cancers of the mouth, throat, bladder, pancreas, and emphysema |
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Definition
| 3 Ways Cigarette smoking affects lung function |
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1. Respiratory system more complex; in addition to lungs, birds possess 8 - 9 air sacs for moving air
2. Air moves unidirectionally in birds
3. Air is renewed in lungs with every exhalation
4. More efficient at higher altitudes
5.Maximum lung oxygen |
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Definition
| 5 Characteristics of Bar-headed Goose (high-flyers) |
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Term
1. High rate of oxygen consumption
2. Larger lung surface area for O2 diffusion
3. High cardiac output
4. Great muscle mass, higher muscle temperatures
5. High volume and density of mitochondria |
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Definition
| 5 Characteristics of Pronghorn Antelope (Endurance runners) |
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Term
1. Swim with little effort, reduce metabolism
2. Large blood supply is routed to brain, spinal cord, eyes, and adrenal glands, away from muscles
3. ATP made by fermentation when O2 is depleted
4. High myoglobin concentration
5. Small lungs, large spleen
6. Mammalian diving reflex |
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Definition
| 6 Characteristics of Wendell's Seal (deep sea divers) |
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