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Definition
| small molecules or proteins that are produced in one tissue, released into the circulation, & carried to other tissues where they act through receptors to bring about changes in cellular activities |
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| controls the coordination of metabolism in mammals |
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| quantifies hormone-receptor interactions; under favorable conditions, it yields a quantitative measure of affinity & the number of hormone-binding sites in a preparation of the receptor |
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| 5 intracellular consequences of ligand-receptor interaction |
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Definition
1. a second messenger generated inside the cell acts as an allosteric regulator of one or more enzymes
2. a receptor tyrosine kinase is activated by the extracellular hormone
3. a change in membrane potential results from the opening or closing of a hormone-gated ion channel
4. an adhesion receptor on the cell surface conveys information from the extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton
5. a steroid or steroidlike molecule causes a change in the level of expression of one or more genes (mediated by a nuclear hormone protein) |
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| hormones released into the blood & carried to target cells throughout the body |
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| hormones released into the extracellular space & diffused to neighboring target cells |
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| hormones affecting the same cell that release them by binding to receptors on the cell surface |
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| a small protein with two polypeptide chains (A & B) that are joined by two disulfide bonds |
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| What is the relationship between epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline), & catecholamines? |
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Definition
| The water-soluble compounds epinephrine & norepinephrine are catecholamines (named for the structurally related compound catechol) |
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| a small region of the brain that is the coordination center of the endocrine system; it receives & integrates messages from the central nervous system |
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| contains the axonal endings of many neurons that originate in the hypothalamus |
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| What is the relationship between the anterior pituitary & tropic hormones (tropins)? |
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Definition
| The anterior pituitary responds to hypothalamic hormones carried in the blood, producing tropic hormones |
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| transform dietary nutrients into the fuels & precursors required by other tissues & export them via the blood |
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| white adipose tissue (WAT) |
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Definition
| amorphous & widely distributed in the body (under the skin, around the deep blood vessels, & in the abdominal cavity) |
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| large, spherical cells completely filled with a single large lipid droplet that constitutes about 65% of the cell mass & squeezes the mitochondria & nucleus into a thin layer against the plasma membrane |
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| brown adipose tissue (BAT) |
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Definition
| makes up a significant proportion of adipose tissue in small vertebrates & hibernating animals; distinguished from WAT by its smaller, differently shaped adipocytes |
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| encoded for by the gene UCP1 which is strongly expressed in brown adipocytes; the mitochondrial uncoupling protein |
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| the principle function of BAT which is achieved by thermogenin activity |
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| cells of skeletal muscle; metabolism is specialized to generate ATP as the immediate source of energy for contraction |
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| also called red muscle, it provides relatively low tension but is highly resistant to fatigue |
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| also called white muscle, it has fewer mitochondria than red muscle & is less well supplied with blood vessels but it can develop greater tension & do so faster |
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| done by skeletal muscle when ambient temperature is low; using rapidly repeated muscle contraction that produces heat but little motion to help the body maintain its preferred temperature of 37 degrees C |
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1. erythrocytes (filled with hemoglobin & specialized for carrying O2 & CO2)
2. leukocytes (central to the immune system to defend against infections)
3. platelets (help to mediate blood clotting) |
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| the liquid portion of blood; 90% water & 10% solutes |
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| make up more than 70% of the plasma solids; mostly immunoglobulins, serum albumin, apolipoproteins involved in the transport of lipids, transferrin, & blood-clotting proteins such as fibrinogen & prothrombin |
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