Term
| Which 2 main biochemical pathways require NAD+ to be available? |
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Definition
Answer
1. Glycolysis
2. Citric Acid Cycle |
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Term
| Glycogenesis goes faster under the influences of _______ |
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Definition
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Term
True or False.
During fasting, the level of ketone bodies in the blood increases |
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Definition
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Term
| Gluconeogenesis goes faster under the influence of ______ |
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Definition
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Term
A number of hours into fasting, glucagon levels start to _____.
1. Why? |
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Definition
Answer: Increase
1. Because blood glucose concentration is falling. |
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Term
Under ____ conditions, pyruvate is changed to Acetyl Coenzyme A.
1. What is this reaction called? |
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Definition
Answer: (normal) Aerobic
1. Oxidative decarboxylation -> oxidation |
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Term
Hypoglycemia
1. What does it mean?
2. What does it cause? (symptoms)
3. What is the range of glucose concentration? |
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Definition
1. Low Blood glucose
2. Causes weakness, sweating, rapid heart beating. Severe cases can cause coma and eventually death
3. Under 60 mg/dl |
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Term
| What is the most efficient way to produce ATP? |
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Definition
| Answer: Processes that occur under aerobic conditions such as- Citric Acid Cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation, and Glycolysis. |
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Term
| What is the fastest way to produce ATP? |
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Definition
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Term
Pancreas releases glucagon
1. Glucose entry to cells slows down (save glucose for brain)
2. Glycogen breakdown (glycogenolysis) in Liver, speeds up
3. Breakdown of Lipids and proteins to raw materials for glucose synthesis by gluconeogenesis increase.
4. Gluconeogensis accelerates. |
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Definition
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Term
What do long distance runners run out of when they "hit the wall"?
1. What do you need for energy after that supply runs out? |
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Definition
Answer: Glycogen
2. Proteins and Fatty Acids. |
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Term
| Glycogen depletion results in 1.______ and 2.______. |
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Definition
1. Extreme exhaustion
2. Mental Confusion. |
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Term
What pathway is the first one to slow down under anaerobic conditions?
1. Why?
2. What is the result of this slowing down?
3. Back up plan?
4. What's missing?
5. How will you get glycolysis to work?
6. What is this reaction called? |
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Definition
Answer: Oxidative phosphorylation
1. Because OxPhos is the only catabolic pathway that uses O2
2. Increasing concentration of NADH and decreasing of NAD+
-> pathways that produce NADH and need NAD+ cannot continue -> no NADH from glycolysis/CAC-> no ATP
3. Find a way to get glycolysis to work
4. Missing NAD+
5. Convert Pyruvate to lactate
6. Reduction |
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Term
| Under anaerobic conditions, how many ATP molecules are formed by Glycolysis to lactate? |
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Definition
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Term
If there's insufficient O2, what processes are slowed down?
1. Why? |
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Definition
Answer:
-Oxidative phosphorylation
-Everything Else
1. Because there is insufficient amount of NAD+ |
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Term
Under ____ conditions, pyruvate is changed to lactate.
1. What is this reaction called? |
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Definition
Answer: Anaerobic
1. Reduction |
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Term
| What are the 3 adaptations that muscles have to help out? |
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Definition
Answer:
1. Creatine Phosphate
2. Glycogen
3. Myoglobin |
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Term
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Definition
Answer: Kidney cannot reabsorb all of the glucose causing osmotic diuresis.
aka: "peeing too much" |
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Term
Anaerobic Threshold
1. What is it?
2. When are you above it? |
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Definition
1. Maximum Aerobic ATP production rate
2. When you're hyperventilating/breathing hard. |
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Term
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Definition
| Answer: Loss of large amounts of glucose lend to increase hunger. |
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Term
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Definition
| Answer: Loss of large amounts of water lead to thirst. |
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Term
Type 1 Diabetes:
1. What is it also called?
2. What happens if you have it?
3. What kind of disease is it?
4. Who usually gets it?
5. How do these patients stay alive?
6. What is the primary problem?
7. What happens with too much insulin?
8. What happens with too little insulin? |
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Definition
1. Insulin dependent Diabetes AKA: IDDM
2. Your pancreas fails to produce enough insulin because your immune system mistakenly identified the insulin producing cell as "foreign" and attacks them with antibodies
3. Autoimmune disease
4. Anyone can get it, but usually appears in childhood
5. Patients have to inject insulin to stay alive
6. Lack of glucose
7. Hypoglycemia
8. Cells Stance-> Diabetic Ketoacidosis. |
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Term
Type II Diabetes:
1. What is it also called?
2. What happens if you have it?
3. What is the metabolism in the patients body similar to?
4. Who usually gets it?
5. What do patients take?
6. What is the primary problem? |
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Definition
1. Non-insulin dependent diabetes AKA NIDDM
2. Patients have enough insulin but their cells don't respond enough. some of the insulin receptors become "resistant" to insulin.
3. Starvation
4. usually appears in obese adults over 40 years.
5. Oral Hypoglycemics.
6. Lack of glucose. |
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Term
| To be absorbed into the blood stream, carbohydrates from our diet must be broken down into ______. |
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Definition
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Term
What forms when exercise continues beyond oxygen's ability to keep up?
1. What does this cause?
2. Why do you get sore muscles? |
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Definition
Answer: Lactic Acid
1. Change in the pH of the Muscle Fatigue
2. Because of osmotic pressure. Muscles are swelling because water is going to be wherever lactic acid is. |
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Term
| What 2 processes does our body use as a last resort to supply glucose during starvation condition? |
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Definition
Answer:
1. Glycogenolysis
2. Gluconeogenesis |
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Term
| How does energy come out of glycolysis? |
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Definition
Answer:
1. 2 ATP
2. 2 Pyruvate
3. 2 NADH |
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Term
| How does energy go into glycolysis? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does glucose enter into the cell? |
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Definition
| Answer: Carrier-mediated diffusion. |
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Term
| In what form does carbon come out of glycolysis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Plant starches are broken down disaccharides by enzymes from the saliva and pancreatic juices called _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does oxidation of lactate occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which has more energy, lactact or pyruvate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the first thing that happens in starvation? |
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Definition
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Term
How many carbons?
1. in Pyruvate?
2. in Lactate?
3. In Acetyl-Coenzyme A? |
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Definition
1. Pyruvate has 3 carbons
2. Lactate has 3 carbons
3. Acetyl-CoA has 23 carbons |
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Term
| Lack of CoA will prevent 1.__________________ also known as 2._______________ from running. |
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Definition
1. Fatty acid catabolism
2. Beta Oxidation |
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Term
Glycogenolysis
1. What is it?
2. Where does it take place? |
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Definition
1. the biochemical pathway that breaks down the glycogen to glucose
2. In the Liver |
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Term
| What are the cardinal signs of diabetes? |
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Definition
Answers:
1. Polyuria
2. Polydipsia
3. Polyphagia |
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Term
| What is the glycemic index of glucose? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 4 causes of insulin resistance? |
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Definition
Answer:
1. Increased amounts of insulin
2. Increased amounts of cortisol (released by stress)
3. Fructose (body responds to glucose -> no insulin response)
4. High Protein Diet. |
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Term
| Towards the beginning of very strenuous exercise, there is a source that only muscles have. these phosphates can be added to ADP practically instantly, allowing the muscles to work at their maximum ability longer. this source is called _____. |
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Definition
| Answer: Creatine Phosphate. |
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Term
Ketone Bodies
1. What are they a result of?
2. What are they made out of?
3. What happens if you have large amounts of it? |
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Definition
1. Results from taking excess Acetic acid off of Acetyl CoA
2. made of a combination of Ketones and carboxylic acids.
3. Large amounts of it in the blood makes it more acidic-> condition: Ketoacidosis |
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Term
| Glycolysis can produce ATP ___ faster than Ox Phos, even when its got O2 |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the reduction of lactate to pyruvate occur? |
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Definition
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Term
Gluconeogenesis
1. What is the purpose?
2. What does it use?
3. What is its consequences?
4. What effect will this have on levels of AcCoA and CoA? |
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Definition
1. Purpose: the synthesis of glucose from molecules that are not carbohydrates, such as amino and fatty acids.
2. Amino Acids, CAC intermediates, small carbon molecules
3. The Citric acid cycle will slow down.
4. AcCoA levels will increase
CoA levels will decrease. |
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Term
When Glucose enters a cell...
1. What happens?
2. Why does this happen?
3. What happens to the concentration of glucose in the cell? |
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Definition
1. a phosphate is added
2. concentration gradient
3. concentration of glucose in cell= 0 |
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Term
| During fasting what happens to your plasma fatty acid levels? |
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Definition
| Answer: The levels start to |
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Term
| Where are the amylase and lipase produced? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many ATP molecules are produced for each molecule of glucose being converted to pyruvate via glycolysis? |
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Definition
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Term
Hyperglycemia
1. What does it mean?
2. What does it cause? (symptoms)
3. What is the range of glucose concentration? |
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Definition
1. High blood glucose
2. Causes osmotic diuresis or increased urine flow. Severe cases can cause low blood pressure, coma and death.
3. Above 140 mg/dl |
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Term
| When does the pancreas release insulin? |
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Definition
| Answer: rising blood glucose concentration. |
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Term
| What is the most important organ that must have glucose as energy source even during fasting or starvation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 types of diabetes? |
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Definition
1. Diabetes Mellitus (sweet urine)
2. Diabetes Insipidus (salty urine) |
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Term
| During the fasting or starvation after you run out of all of your glucose and glycogen, more glucose needs to be made. this process is called 1.____. As a result, another catabolic pathway, 2.______, slows down. |
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Definition
1. Gluconeogenesis
2. Citric acid cycle. |
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Term
| When does the pancreas release glucagon? |
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Definition
| Answer: falling blood glucose concentration |
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Term
| Then synthesis of lipids goes faster under the influence of __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The breakdown of lipids and proteins goes faster under the influence of ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Glucose enters the cell faster under the influence of _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Glycolysis goes faster under the influence of _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The theoretical number of ATP molecules produced from the complete metabolism of glucose molecule is _____. |
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Definition
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