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Chapter 23
Material covered for Exam 1, Milostan
50
Microbiology
Undergraduate 2
09/28/2012

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
How many kinds of protozoans are responsible for human illnesses?
Definition
25
Term
Four groups of protozoans
Definition
Sarcodinians
Ciliates
Flagellates
Apicomplexons
Term
Cell cycle for protozoans
Definition
Trophozoite
Cyst
Term
Drugs for treating protozoan diseases?
Definition
About 12 drugs are available, but are toxic to human cells.

Metronidazole (target anaerobic cells that lack mitochondria)
Quinine and Chloroquine (antimalarial drugs)

No vaccines are available
Term
Entamoeba Histolytica
Definition
World-wide, but highly prevalent in rural, third world countries
Carried by 10% of world's population

Infectious stage: cyst
Route of transmission: fecal-oral
Primary Target: intestine
Reservoir: humans, food/water
Term
What does entamoeba histolytica cause?
Definition
Amebiasis
Term
Forms of Intestinal Amebiasis
Definition
Intestinal Amebiasis
Extraintestinal Amebiasis
Term
Intestinal Amebiasis
Definition
Severity varies with strain
Erosive ulcers, colitis, diarrhea, cramps, dysentary
Term
Extraintestinal Amebiasis
Definition
Trophozoites invade organs beyond intestine
Necrotic lesions of brain, lungs, liver, kidneys
Term
Control/Prevention of Amebiasis
Definition
Effective drugs
Good hygiene
Safe sex
Disposal of human waste
Term
Naegleria Fowleri
Definition
Inhibit warm, natural bodies of standing fresh water, swimming pools, hot tubs
Infectious stage: trophozoite
Route of transmission: nasal cavity and migrate to brain
Target: Brain
Rapid death - drugs are futile
Term
PAM
Definition
Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis
Term
Aconthamoeba
Definition
Infectious stage: trophozoite
Route of transmission: broken skin, orfices
Drugs can help
Term
Control/Prevention of Aconthamoeba/Naegleria Fowleri
Definition
Avoid still waters
Attend to injured eyes
Chlorinate swimming pools
Term
Balantidium Coli
Definition
(The only infectious ciliate for humans)
A zoonosis found world-wide from pigs/cattle/sheep/horses/water and food
Infectious stage: cyst
Route of transmission: oral-anal
Term
What disease does balantidium coli cause?
Definition
Balantidiosis
Term
Intestinal Balantidiosis
Definition
Trophozoites use cilia to burrow into mucosa
Nausea/vomiting/diarrhea/dysentery
Don't enter blood
Have enormous nucleus
Term
Control/Prevention of Balantidiosis
Definition
Don't ingest pig manure.
Term
Trichomonas Vaginalis causes...?
Definition
Trichomoniasis
Term
Trichomonas Vaginalis
Definition
Occurs world-wide among humans
Sexually transmitted
Pear shaped, four flagella
Does not produce a cyst
Reservoir=only humans, mostly among the promiscous
Target=genitourinary tract
Asymptomatic for 50% of cases
Term
Control/Prevention of Trichomoniasis
Definition
Abstinence
Condoms
Mutual monogomy
Treat with antiprotozoan drugs
Term
Giardia Lambia causes...?
Definition
Giardiasis
Term
Giardia Lambia
Definition
Reservoir: humans
Transmitted through fecal-oral ingestion
Infectious stage: cyst
Target: small intestine
Diarrhea, abdominal pain, flatulence
Infections may resolve themselves
Term
Where do outbreaks of giardia lambia occur?
Definition
Campers/hikers
Daycare facilities
Swimmers
Pet owners
Families
Term
Control/Prevention of Giardia Lambia
Definition
Good hygiene
Treat water
Treat with antiprotozoan drugs
Term
How are hemoflagellates different from flagellates?
Definition
Hemoflagellates are more complex.
Term
Infectous Hemoflagellates
Definition
Vector borne parasites, live in blood/tissues
Have more developmental stages
Term
Developmental stages for hemoflagellates
Definition
Amastigote (no flagellate)
Promastigote (bears flagellum)
Epimastigote (bears flagellum + undulating membrane)
Trypomastigote (Fully formed flagellate + undulating membrane).
Term
Trypanosoma causes what diseases?
Definition
Trypanosoma brucei
Trypanosoma cruzi
Term
Trypanosoma Brucei
Definition
African sleeping sickness
Endemic to central Africa
Reservoir: mammals + humans
Transmitted through Tetse flies (bite)
Infectious stage: trophomastigote
Term
Symptoms of Trypanosoma
Definition
Fever, joint pain, personality changes, sleep disturbances, neurological deterioration, coma, secondary infections, death
Term
Trypanosoma Cruzi
Definition
Kissing bug (corner of mouth/eye)
From Reduvid bugs (which defecate when they bite)
Chagas disease
Endemic to central America
Reservoir: humans
Term
Control/Prevention of Trypanosoma
Definition
Drugs
Screen blood transformations
Eliminate biological vector
Term
Leishmania species causes...?
Definition
Leishmaniasis
Term
Leishmania
Definition
Endemic to equatorial regions
Transmitted through sand flies
Reservoir: animals
Infectious stage: promastigote
Term
Forms of Leishmania
Definition
Cutaneous leishmaniasis
Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
Visceral Leishmaniasis
Term
Control/Prevention of Leishmaniasis
Definition
Drugs
Milder forms help immunity develop
Control of sand flies
Term
Characteristics of Apicomplexon Parasites
Definition
Nearly all are parasitic to humans
No locomotor organelles
Complex life stages/alternate between sexual/asexual phases
Term
Plasmodium species
Definition
Causes malaria
Endemic to equatorial regions
The dominant protozoan disease
Threatens 40% of world's population
From Anopheles mosquitos
Term
What did DDT do?
Definition
It killed off the mosquitos, but was incorrectly banned because it was thought to threaten wildlife.
Term
Infectious stage of Plasmodium species?
Definition
Sporozites
Term
Life cycle of Plasmodium
Definition
Enters blood
Liver cells are targeted
Divide and multiply into merozoites
Liver cells rupture, release into RBCs
Transform into trophozoite stage
Feed on hemoglobin
RBCs rupture, release merozoites to other rbcs (CAUSES FEVER)
Mosquito takes RBCs to its stomach
Gameocytes produce oocysts
Term
Symptoms of Malaria
Definition
Malaise
Fever
Fatigue
Aches
Nausea
Bouts of fever/chills
Hemolyptic anemia, rupturing of the liver, spleen, kidney
Subject may relapse for five years, maybe longer
Term
Control/Prevention of Malaria
Definition
Treatment with quinine/chloroquine
Vector control
No vaccine
Term
Toxoplasma Gondii causes...
Definition
Toxoplasmosis
Term
Toxoplasmosis
Definition
Occurs world-wide
Reservoir: Birds, mammals, mice
Infectious stage: tachyzoites
Term
How can toxoplasmosis be transmitted to humans?
Definition
Ingestion of undercooked meat
Ingestion of oocysts from contaminated sources
Inhalation of oocysts
Transplacental Route
Term
Consequences of toxoplasmosis?
Definition
Most cases are asymptomatic
In the immune compromised, chronic infections=brain lesions
Fetal infection
Term
Consequences of fetal infection of toxoplasmosis?
Definition
Pregnant women who are infected have a one in three chance of infecting the fetus.

First/Second trimester infections:
Stillbirths
Enlarged liver/spleen
Hydroencephalis
Convulsions
Blindness
Term
Control/Prevention of Toxoplasmosis
Definition
Drugs can effectively treat
Cook/freeze meat correctly
Hygiene + sanitation
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