Term
| How many kinds of protozoans are responsible for human illnesses? |
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Definition
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Term
| Four groups of protozoans |
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Definition
Sarcodinians
Ciliates
Flagellates
Apicomplexons |
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Term
| Cell cycle for protozoans |
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Definition
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Term
| Drugs for treating protozoan diseases? |
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Definition
About 12 drugs are available, but are toxic to human cells.
Metronidazole (target anaerobic cells that lack mitochondria)
Quinine and Chloroquine (antimalarial drugs)
No vaccines are available |
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Term
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Definition
World-wide, but highly prevalent in rural, third world countries
Carried by 10% of world's population
Infectious stage: cyst
Route of transmission: fecal-oral
Primary Target: intestine
Reservoir: humans, food/water |
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Term
| What does entamoeba histolytica cause? |
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Definition
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Term
| Forms of Intestinal Amebiasis |
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Definition
Intestinal Amebiasis
Extraintestinal Amebiasis |
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Term
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Definition
Severity varies with strain
Erosive ulcers, colitis, diarrhea, cramps, dysentary |
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Term
| Extraintestinal Amebiasis |
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Definition
Trophozoites invade organs beyond intestine
Necrotic lesions of brain, lungs, liver, kidneys |
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Term
| Control/Prevention of Amebiasis |
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Definition
Effective drugs
Good hygiene
Safe sex
Disposal of human waste |
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Term
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Definition
Inhibit warm, natural bodies of standing fresh water, swimming pools, hot tubs
Infectious stage: trophozoite
Route of transmission: nasal cavity and migrate to brain
Target: Brain
Rapid death - drugs are futile |
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Term
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Definition
| Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis |
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Term
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Definition
Infectious stage: trophozoite
Route of transmission: broken skin, orfices
Drugs can help |
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Term
| Control/Prevention of Aconthamoeba/Naegleria Fowleri |
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Definition
Avoid still waters
Attend to injured eyes
Chlorinate swimming pools |
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Term
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Definition
(The only infectious ciliate for humans)
A zoonosis found world-wide from pigs/cattle/sheep/horses/water and food
Infectious stage: cyst
Route of transmission: oral-anal |
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Term
| What disease does balantidium coli cause? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Trophozoites use cilia to burrow into mucosa
Nausea/vomiting/diarrhea/dysentery
Don't enter blood
Have enormous nucleus |
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Term
| Control/Prevention of Balantidiosis |
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Definition
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Term
| Trichomonas Vaginalis causes...? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Occurs world-wide among humans
Sexually transmitted
Pear shaped, four flagella
Does not produce a cyst
Reservoir=only humans, mostly among the promiscous
Target=genitourinary tract
Asymptomatic for 50% of cases |
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Term
| Control/Prevention of Trichomoniasis |
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Definition
Abstinence
Condoms
Mutual monogomy
Treat with antiprotozoan drugs |
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Term
| Giardia Lambia causes...? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Reservoir: humans
Transmitted through fecal-oral ingestion
Infectious stage: cyst
Target: small intestine
Diarrhea, abdominal pain, flatulence
Infections may resolve themselves |
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Term
| Where do outbreaks of giardia lambia occur? |
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Definition
Campers/hikers
Daycare facilities
Swimmers
Pet owners
Families |
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Term
| Control/Prevention of Giardia Lambia |
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Definition
Good hygiene
Treat water
Treat with antiprotozoan drugs |
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Term
| How are hemoflagellates different from flagellates? |
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Definition
| Hemoflagellates are more complex. |
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Term
| Infectous Hemoflagellates |
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Definition
Vector borne parasites, live in blood/tissues
Have more developmental stages |
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Term
| Developmental stages for hemoflagellates |
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Definition
Amastigote (no flagellate)
Promastigote (bears flagellum)
Epimastigote (bears flagellum + undulating membrane)
Trypomastigote (Fully formed flagellate + undulating membrane). |
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Term
| Trypanosoma causes what diseases? |
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Definition
Trypanosoma brucei
Trypanosoma cruzi |
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Term
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Definition
African sleeping sickness
Endemic to central Africa
Reservoir: mammals + humans
Transmitted through Tetse flies (bite)
Infectious stage: trophomastigote |
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Term
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Definition
| Fever, joint pain, personality changes, sleep disturbances, neurological deterioration, coma, secondary infections, death |
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Term
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Definition
Kissing bug (corner of mouth/eye)
From Reduvid bugs (which defecate when they bite)
Chagas disease
Endemic to central America
Reservoir: humans |
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Term
| Control/Prevention of Trypanosoma |
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Definition
Drugs
Screen blood transformations
Eliminate biological vector |
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Term
| Leishmania species causes...? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Endemic to equatorial regions
Transmitted through sand flies
Reservoir: animals
Infectious stage: promastigote |
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Term
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Definition
Cutaneous leishmaniasis
Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
Visceral Leishmaniasis |
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Term
| Control/Prevention of Leishmaniasis |
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Definition
Drugs
Milder forms help immunity develop
Control of sand flies |
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Term
| Characteristics of Apicomplexon Parasites |
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Definition
Nearly all are parasitic to humans
No locomotor organelles
Complex life stages/alternate between sexual/asexual phases |
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Term
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Definition
Causes malaria
Endemic to equatorial regions
The dominant protozoan disease
Threatens 40% of world's population
From Anopheles mosquitos |
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Term
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Definition
| It killed off the mosquitos, but was incorrectly banned because it was thought to threaten wildlife. |
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Term
| Infectious stage of Plasmodium species? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Enters blood
Liver cells are targeted
Divide and multiply into merozoites
Liver cells rupture, release into RBCs
Transform into trophozoite stage
Feed on hemoglobin
RBCs rupture, release merozoites to other rbcs (CAUSES FEVER)
Mosquito takes RBCs to its stomach
Gameocytes produce oocysts |
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Term
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Definition
Malaise
Fever
Fatigue
Aches
Nausea
Bouts of fever/chills
Hemolyptic anemia, rupturing of the liver, spleen, kidney
Subject may relapse for five years, maybe longer |
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Term
| Control/Prevention of Malaria |
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Definition
Treatment with quinine/chloroquine
Vector control
No vaccine |
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Term
| Toxoplasma Gondii causes... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Occurs world-wide
Reservoir: Birds, mammals, mice
Infectious stage: tachyzoites |
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Term
| How can toxoplasmosis be transmitted to humans? |
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Definition
Ingestion of undercooked meat
Ingestion of oocysts from contaminated sources
Inhalation of oocysts
Transplacental Route |
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Term
| Consequences of toxoplasmosis? |
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Definition
Most cases are asymptomatic
In the immune compromised, chronic infections=brain lesions
Fetal infection |
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Term
| Consequences of fetal infection of toxoplasmosis? |
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Definition
Pregnant women who are infected have a one in three chance of infecting the fetus.
First/Second trimester infections:
Stillbirths
Enlarged liver/spleen
Hydroencephalis
Convulsions
Blindness |
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Term
| Control/Prevention of Toxoplasmosis |
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Definition
Drugs can effectively treat
Cook/freeze meat correctly
Hygiene + sanitation |
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