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| The study of how populations change genetically over time |
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| a comprehensive theory of evoloution that intergrated ideas from many other fields. |
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| Localized group of individuals that are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. |
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| The aggregate of genes in a population at any one time. |
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| The frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population's gene pool remain constant from generation to generation, provided that only Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work. |
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| Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium |
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| Using the rule of multiplication, we can calculate the frequencies of the three possible genotypes assuming random unions of sperm and ova. |
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| Changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA. |
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| Important source of variation in chromosome segments. |
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| Deviations frm the expected result which occur because real populations are finite in size rather than infinite-explain how allele frequencies can fluctuate unpredictabl from one generation to the next. |
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| A sudden change in the environment such as a fire or flood, may drastically reduce the size of a population. the survivors have passed through a restictive "bottlenect," and their gene pool may no longer be reflective of the original population's gene pool. |
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| When a few individuals becomes isolated from a larger population, this smaller group may establish a new population whose gene pool is not reflective of the source population. |
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| Genetic additions to and/or subtractions from a population resulting from the movement of fertile individuals or gametes. |
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| If two or more distinct morphs are each represented in high enough frequencies to be readily noticeable. |
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| Alleles at several loci that influence height. |
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| differences between the gene pools of separate populations or population subgroups |
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| a graded change in a trait along a geographic axis. |
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| the contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, relative to the contributions of other individuals. |
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| Genotype to the next generation compared to the contributions of alternative genotypes for the same locus. |
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| Most common when a population's environment changes or when members of a population migrate to a new habitat with different environmental conditions than their former one. |
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| When conditions favor individuals on both extremes of a phenotypic range over individuals with intermediate phenotype |
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| Acts against the extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate variants. |
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| Occurs when natural selection maintains stable frequencies of two or more phetotypic forms in a population |
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| This type of selection includes heterozygote advantage and frequency-dependent selection |
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| Occurs at the locus in humans that codes for one of the peptide subunits in hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein of red blood cells. |
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| Frequency-dependent selection |
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| The fitness of any one morph declines if it becomes too common in the population |
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| Most of the DNA base differences between humans that are found in untranslated parts of the genome appear to confer no selective advantage. |
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| genes that have become inactivated by mutations, genetic "noise" is free to accumulate in all parts of the gene. |
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| natural selection for mating success |
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| marked differences between the sexes in secondary sexual characteristics, which are not directly associated with reproduction. |
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