Term
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Definition
| The process of gas exchange with in the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Breathing - The flow of air into and out of the Lungs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the Alveoli and Circulatory System. |
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Term
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Definition
| The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the capillaries and the cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| The breakdown of glucose to produce ATP. Requires oxygen, produces carbon dioxide. |
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Definition
Inhalation
- The process of bringing air into the Lungs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to the volume of the container (Lungs), at constant temperature. |
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Term
Inspiration:
Normal inspiration |
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Definition
is initiated by the contraction of the Diaphragm (along with the External Intercostal Muscles)
- this increases the Intrathoracic space |
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Term
Inspiration:
Alveolar (Intrapulmonic) pressure |
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Definition
| is decreased (to 758 mmHg), atmospheric air (at 760 mmHg) rushes into the Lungs. |
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Term
Inspiration:
Muscles that can enlarge the Intrathoracic space |
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Definition
| will increase inspiration, they originate superiorly to the rib cage. |
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Term
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Definition
Exhalation
- Movement of air out of the Lungs.
a. This is normally a passive process caused by muscle relaxation and the elastic recoil of the chest wall.
b. The Intrathoracic space decreases, putting pressure on the available air in the Lungs. This causes the Alveolar pressure to increase (to762 mmHg). Air then rushes out of the Lungs (into the atmosphere at 760 mmHg).
c. Forced exhalation is produced by muscles that originate from below. |
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Term
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Definition
Exhalation
- Movement of air out of the Lungs. |
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Term
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Definition
Inhalation
- The process of bringing air into the Lungs.
a. Boyle's Law - The pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to the volume of the container (Lungs), at constant temperature.
b. Normal inspiration is initiated by the contraction of the Diaphragm (along with the External Intercostal Muscles)
- this increases the Intrathoracic space
c. Alveolar (Intrapulmonic) pressure is decreased (to 758 mmHg), atmospheric air (at 760 mmHg) rushes into the Lungs.
d. Muscles that can enlarge the Intrathoracic space will increase inspiration, they originate superiorly to the rib cage. |
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Term
| Surface Tension of Alveolar fluid |
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Definition
Surface Tension results from the natural attraction of water molecules to one another. This force constricts Alveoli.
Note: The surfactant released by the Type II Alveolar cells reduces surface tension, which decreases this constricting force. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ease with which the lungs and thoracic wall can be expanded (i.e. stretched). |
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Term
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Definition
| The hindrance encountered by air as it moves through the Respiratory passages, especially the bronchioles. |
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Term
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Definition
Normal quiet breathing; the volume of one breath
(~500 ml). |
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Term
| Inspiratory Reserve Volume - |
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Definition
| The amount of air an adult can forcefully inhale after Tidal Volume (~3100 ml). |
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Term
| Expiratory Reserve Volume - |
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Definition
| The amount of air an adult can forcefully exhale after Tidal Volume (~1200 ml). |
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Term
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Definition
| The air that remains in the Lungs after a full expiration. This air helps keep the Alveoli inflated (~1200 ml). |
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Term
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Definition
Inspiratory Reserve Volume + Expiratory Reserve Volume + Tidal Volume
- The maximum amount of air that can be moved out of the Lungs after maximum inspiration. |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of air in the passageways that carry air to the Lungs. Areas where oxygen and carbon dioxide are not exchanged. Approximately 150 ml. of air. |
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Term
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Definition
| Each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure (called Partial Pressure) as if all the other gases were not present. |
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Term
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Definition
| percentage of gas in a mixture X total pressure of a mixture |
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Term
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Definition
| The quantity of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid (blood) is proportional to the partial pressure of a gas and its solubility coefficient (how well it mixes with water), at constant temperature. |
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Term
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Definition
a. Over 98% of the oxygen in the blood is carried by Hemoglobin as Oxyhemoglobin. Approximately 1.5% is dissolved in blood plasma. Only the dissolved oxygen can diffuse into capillaries.
b. As the partial pressure of oxygen increases more oxygen binds to hemoglobin. This is the Key factor in oxygen binding. As the partial pressure of oxygen decreases as blood travels to the capillaries, more oxygen will be released by hemoglobin. This oxygen is now available to diffuse across the capillary wall. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lower pH leads to less oxygen-hemoglobin binding. |
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Term
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Definition
| denaturing of globin due to acidity |
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Term
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Definition
| denaturing of globin due to acidity |
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Term
| Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide - |
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Definition
| the pH of the blood decreases as CO2 accumulates. |
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Term
| Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide - |
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Definition
| the pH of the blood decreases as CO2 accumulates. |
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Term
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Definition
| Less binding occurs as the body temperature rises. |
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Term
| BPG (2,3 bisphosphoglycerate) |
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Definition
- Increased levels of BPG decreases oxygen-hemoglobin binding.
- BPG is formed in RBCs from glycolysis.
- Associated with higher altitudes. |
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Term
| CO2 is transported in 3 forms: |
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Definition
(1) Dissolved in blood plasma (~9%).
(2) Carbamino compounds (~13%).
- These are compounds formed when CO2 binds to various amino acids and proteins in the blood plasma. Most of this is in the form of carbaminohemoglobin (Hb-CO2), i.e. carbon dioxide bound to hemoglobin.
(3) Bicarbonate ions (~78%). |
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Term
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Definition
- Are clusters of neurons located in the Medulla and Pons.
- Discharges impulses to the Diaphragm (through the Phrenic nerve) and Intercostal muscles
- The basic respiratory rate is established by autorhythmic neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Chemoreceptors located in the Aortic Arch and Common Carotid Arteries are stimulated by changing hydrogen ions, CO2 and oxygen levels. |
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Term
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Definition
| - The respiratory pattern can be altered by an act of the will or emotional stimulation. |
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Term
| Proprioceptor stimulation |
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Definition
| - Proprioceptors monitor body position and movement. Stimulation of these receptors increases respiratory activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| When respiratory tissues are over stretched, inhalation is temporarily inhibited so exhalation will bring the tissue fibers to a proper length. |
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Term
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Definition
Tissues become less elastic, more rigid, resulting in a decreased Lung capacity. Over all ability to ward off disease is decreased.
The Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems are intimately related. When one of these systems has a defect it reduces the working capacity of both systems. |
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Term
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Definition
- a chronic inflammatory disorder that produces sporadic narrowing (spasms) in the airways (primarily the bronchioles)
- causes difficulty breathing which can lead to panic
- a variety of irritants are the cause |
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Term
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Definition
- productive cough with sputum for 3 months out of a year for two years in a row
- causes excess mucous, SOB, wheezing |
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Term
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Definition
- Destruction of the alveolar walls causing the air space to become increased (this decreases the surface area of the alveoli)
- leads to poor oxygen - carbon dioxide exchange
- caused by long term irritation
- text book symptom is a "barrel-like" chest |
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Term
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Definition
- is often caused by chronic irritation
- has a high rate of metastasis
- smoking is the most common cause
- leads to chronic cough, bloody sputum, SOB, chest pain, hoarse throat, difficulty swallowing, weight loss, anorexia, fatigue |
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Term
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Definition
- an acute inflammation of the alveoli
- the alveoli can fill with fluid causing poor gas exchange
- caused by microbes
- leads to fever, chills, cough (dry or productive), malaise, chest pain, possibly difficulty breathing
- is often a secondary infection |
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Term
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Definition
- caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- primarily effects the lungs
- leads to fatigue, weight loss, lethargy, anorexia, night sweats, cough, difficulty breathing, chest pain, coughing up blood
- treatable
- a chronic progressive illness
- some antibiotic strains have arisen
- high association with AIDS |
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Term
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Definition
Coryza
- viral origin, over two hundred types
- causes rhinitis, rhinorrhea, sneezing, dry cough, congestion
- can lead to secondary infections (ex. Pneumonia) |
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Term
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Definition
- a genetic disorder that leads to the production of thickened mucous that blocks the passageways of the body
- causes early death
- mortality is often due to respiratory failure |
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