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Chapter 23 Mental Health
Mental Health, Dr. T, EU
104
Biology
Undergraduate 4
11/22/2011

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Term
Compensation
Definition

is an effort to overcome, or make up for, real or imagined inadequacies. 

 

ex. an individual may compensate for a deficiency in physial size by excelling in academics. 

Term
Denial
Definition
is a refusal to admit or acknowledge the reality of something thus avoiding emotional conflict or anxiety. 
Term
Displacement 
Definition

is the process of transferring a feeling or emotion from the original idea or object to a stubstitute idea or object.  

 

ex. an individual is angry at the "boss," and cnnot express that anger. The feeling are displaced by critizing everyone else. 

Term
Introjection
Definition
An ego defense mechanism whereby an individual unconsciously identifies with another person or with some object. The individual assumes the supposed feelings and/or characteristics of the other personality or object. 
Term
Projection
Definition
is the act of transferring one's own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to someone else. 
Term
Rationalization
Definition
is attempting to make excuses or invent logical reasons to justify unacceptable feelings or behaviors. 
Term
Regression
Definition
is a response to stress in which the individual reverts to an earlier level of development and the comfort measures associated with that level of functioning. 
Term
Repression
Definition
is an involuntary blocking of unpleasant feelings and experiences from one's conscious mind. 
Term
Sublimation
Definition

Rechanneling or redirecting one's unacceptable impulses and drives into constructive activities. 

 

a conscious defense mechanism 

Term
Suppression
Definition
is the voluntary blocking of unpleasant feelings and experiences from one's mind. 
Term
Affect
Definition
Observable evidence of a person's feelings or emotions. 
Term
Amnesia
Definition
Loss of memory caused by severe emotional trauma, brain injury, substance abuse, or reaction to medications or toxins. 
Term
Amphetamines
Definition
A group of nervous system stimulants that produce alertness and a feeling of well-being (euphoria)
Term
Anorexia
Definition
Lack of or loss of appetite, resulting in the inability to eat. 
Term
Anorexia Nervosa
Definition
A disorder (seen primarily in adolescent girls) characterized by an emotional distrubance concerning body image; prolonged refusal to eat followed by extreme weight loss; amenorrhea; and a lingering, abnormal fear of becoming obose. 
Term
Anxiety
Definition
A state of mind in which the individual feels increased tension, apprehension, a painfully increased sense of helplessness, a feeling of uncertainty, fear, jitteriness, and worry. Observable signs of anxiety include (but are not limited to) restlessness, poor eye contact, glanding about, facial tension, dilated pupils, increased perspiration, and a constant focus on self.
Term
Anxiety Disorders
Definition
Disorders characterized by chronic worry.
Term
Apathy
Definition
Absence or suppression of observable emotion, feeling, concern, or passion.
Term
Autism
Definition
A pervasive developmental disorder characterized by individual being extremely withdrawn and absorbed with fantasy. The individual suffers from impaired communication/social interaction skills, and activities and interests are very limited.
Term
Behavior Therapy
Definition
A form of psychotherapy that seeks to modify observale maladjusted patterns of behavior by substituting new responses to given stimuli.
Term
Bulimia Nervosa
Definition
An uncontrolled craving for food, often resulting in eating binges, followed by vomiting to eliminate the food from the stomach. The individual may then feel depressed, go through periods of self-deprivation followed by another eating binge, and the cycle continues.
Term
Cannabis
Definition

A mind-altering drug derived from the flowering top of hemp plants; also called marijuana.

This is classified as a controlled substance, Schedule I drug.

Term
Cataplexy
Definition
A sudden loss of muscle tone in which the individual's head may drop, the jaw may sag, the knees become weakened, and the individual may collapse or fall to the groung; may accompany a narcolepsy attack (sudden, uncontrollable attack of sleep)
Term
Compulsions
Definition
Irresistible, repetitive, irrational impulses to perform an act. These behvior patterns are intended to reduce anxiety, not provide pleasure or gratification.
Term
Conversion Disorder
Definition

A disorder in which the individual represses anxiety experienced by emotional conflicts by converting the anxious feelings into physical symptoms that have no organic basis but are perceived to be real by the individual. The individual may experience symptoms such as paralysis, pain, loss of sensation, or some other form of dysfunction of the nervous system;

also called conversion hysteria.

Term
Cyclothymic Disorder
Definition
A chronic mood disorder characterized by numerous periods of mood swings from depression to happiness. The period of mood distrubance is at least two years.
Term
Defence Mechanism
Definition
An uncounscious, intrapsychic (within one's mind) reaction that offers protection to the self from a stressful situation.
Term
Delirium
Definition

A state of frenzied excitement or wild enthusiasm

 

The individual is easily distracted; Thinking is disorganized and speech is irrelevant, rambling, and sometimes incoherent. The individual is disoriented to time and place and has lost the ability to reason. 

Causes: medical conditions such as systemic infections, severe hypoglycemia, injury to the head, substance abuse, and withdrawal from certain substanced. 

Term

Delirium Tremens

(DTs)

Definition
An acute and sometimes fatal psychotic reaction caused by cessation of excessive intake of alcoholic beverages over a long period of time.
Term
Delusion
Definition
A persistent, abnormal belief or perception held firmly by a person despite evidence to the contrary. Two forms of delusions are delusions of persecution (in which the person thinks others are following him, spying on him, or trying to torment him) and delusions of grandeur, in which the person has a false sense of possessing wealth or power.
Term
Dementia
Definition

A progressive, organic mental disorder characterized by chronic personality disintegration, confusion, disorientation, stupor, deterioration of intellectual capacity and function, and impairment of control of memory, judgment, and impulses.

Onset is slow

Term
Depression
Definition
A mood distrubance characterized by exaggerated feelings of sadness, discouragement, and hopelessness that are inappropriate and out of proportion with reality; may be relative to some personal loss or tragedy.
Term
Dissociation
Definition
An uncounscious defense mechanism by which an idea, thought, emotion, or other mental process is separated from the consciousness and thereby loses emotional significance.
Term
Drug Therapy
Definition
The use of psychotropic drugs to treat mental disorders.
Term
Dysphoria
Definition
A disorder of affect (mood) characterized by depression and anguish.
Term

Electroconvulsive Therapy

(ECT)

Definition
The process of passing an electrical current through the brain to create a brief seizure in the brain.
Term
Euphoria
Definition
A sense of well-being or elation
Term
Exhibitionism
Definition
A sexual disorder involving the exposure of one's genitals to a stranger
Term
Factitious Disorders
Definition
Disorders that are characterized by physical or psychological symptoms that are intentionally produced or feigned to assume the sick role.
Term
Family Therapy
Definition
A form of psychotherapy that focuses the treatment on the process between family members that supports and sustains symptoms.
Term
Fetishism, Transvestic
Definition
A sexual disorder in which the focus of the fetish involves cross-dressing.
Term
Free Association
Definition
The spontaneous consciously unrestricted association of ideas, feelings, or mental images.
Term
Frotteurism
Definition
A sexual disorder in which the person gains sexual stimulation or excitement by rubbing against a nonconsenting person.
Term
Group Therapy
Definition
The application of psychotherapeutic techniques within a small group of people who experience smiliar difficulties.
Term
Hallucination
Definition
A subjective (existing in the mind) perception of something that does not exist in the external environment. Hallucinations may be visual, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, or auditory.
Term
Hallucinogens
Definition
Substances that cause excitation of the CNS, characterized by symptoms such as hallucinations, mood changes, anxiety, increased pulse and blood pressure, and dilation of the pupils.
Term
Hypnosis
Definition
A passive, trancelike state of existence that resembles normal sleep, during which perception and memory are altered, resulting in increased responsiveness to suggestion.
Term
Hypochondriasis
Definition

A chronic, abnormal concern about the health of the body, characterized by extreme anxiety, depression, and an unrealistic interpretation of real or imagined physical symptoms as indicators of a serious illness or disease despite rational medical evidence that no disorder is present.

A person affected by hyponchondriases is referred to as a hypochondriac.

Term
Hypomania
Definition
A mild degree of mania characterized by optimism, excitability, energetic and productive behavior, marked hyperactivity and talkativeness, heightened sexual interest, quickness to anger, irritability, and a decreased need for sleep.
Term
Intoxication
Definition
A state of being characterized by impaired judgment, slurred speech, loss of coordination, irritability, and mood changes; may be due to drugs, including alcohol.
Term
Introjection
Definition
An ego defence mechanism whereby an individual unconsciously identifies with another person or with some object, assuming the supposed feeling and/or characteristics o the other personality or object.
Term
Lithium
Definition
A drug that particularly useful in treating the manic phase of bipolar disorder (manic-depressive disorders).
Term
Major Depressive Disorder
Definition
A disorder characterized by one or more episodes of depressed mood that lasts at least two weeks and is accompanied by at least four additional symptoms of depression.
Term
Malingering
Definition
A willful and deliberate faking of symptoms of a disease or injury to gain some consciously desired end.
Term
Mania
Definition
"Madness"; an unstable  emotional state characterized by symptoms such as extreme excitement, hyperactivity, overtalkativeness, agitation, flight of ideas, fleeting attention, and sometimes violent, destructive, and self-destructive behavior
Term
Mood Disorders
Definition
An affective state characterized by any of a variety of periods of depression or depression elation.
Term
Mutism
Definition
The inability to speak because of a physical defect or emotional problem.
Term
Neurosis
Definition
A psychological or behavioral disorder in which anxiety is the primary characteristic; thought to be related to unresolved conflicts.
Term
Obsession
Definition
A persistent thought or idea with which the mind is continually and involuntarily preoccupied. 
Term
Panic Attack
Definition
An episode of acute anxiety during which the individual may experience intense feeling of uneasiness or fright accompanied by dyspnea, dizziness, sweating, trembling, and palpitations of the heart. Panic attacks, which occur unexpectedly, may last a few minutes and may return. 
Term
Panic Disorder
Definition
A disorder characterized by recurrent panic attacks that come on unexpectedly. 
Term
Paranoia
Definition
A mental disorder characterized by an elaborate, overly suspicious system of thinking with delusions of persecution and grandeur usually centered on one major theme (such as financial matter, a job situation, and unfaithful spouse, or other problem)
Term
Paraphilia
Definition
Sexual perversion or deviation; a condition in which the sexual instint is expressed in ways that are socially prohibited, unacceptable, or biologically undesirable. 
Term
Pedophilia
Definition
A sexual disorder in which the individual is sexually aroused and engages in sexual activity with children (generally age 13 or younger)
Term
Personality Disorder
Definition
Any of a large grou pof mental disorders characterized by rigid, inflexible, and maladaptive behavior patterns that impair a person's ability to funciton in society with several limiting adaptive potential. 
Term
Phobia
Definition
An anxiety disorder characterized by an obsessive, irrational, and intense fear of a specific object, or an activity, or of a physical situation. Phobias are usually characterized by symptoms such as faintness, fatigue, palpitations, perspiration, nausea, tremor, and panic. 
Term
Play Therapy
Definition
A form of psychotherapy in which a child plays in a protected and structured environment with games and toys provided by a therapist. 
Term
Projection
Definition
The act of transferring one's own unacceptable throughts or feeling to someone else. 
Term
Psychiatrist
Definition
A physician who specializes in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. 
Term
Psychiatry
Definition
The branch of medicine that deals with the causes, treatment, and prevention of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders. 
Term
Psychoanalysis
Definition
A form of psychotherapy that uses free association, dream interpretation, and analysis of defense mechanisms to help the patient become aware of repressed emotional conflicts. 
Term
Psychoanalyst
Definition
A psychotherapist, usually a psychiatrist, who has had special training in psychoanalysis and who applies the techniques of psychoanalytic theory. 
Term
Psychodrama
Definition

A form of group psychoteraphy in which people act out their emotional problems through unrehearsed dramatizations;

also called role-playing therapy

Term
Psychologist
Definition
A person who specializes in the study of the structure and function of the brain and related mental processes of animals and humans. A clinical psychologist has a graduate degree with specialized training in providing testin and counseling to patients with mental and emotional disorders. 
Term
Psychology
Definition
The study of behavior and the processes of the mind, especially as it relates to the individual's social and physical environment
Term
Psychosis
Definition
Any more mental disorder of organic or emotional origin characterized by a loss of contact with reality. 
Term
Psychosis
Definition
Any major mental disorder of organic or emotional origin characterized by a loss of contact with reality. 
Term
Psychosomatic
Definition
Pertaining to the expression of an emotional conflict through physical symptoms. 
Term
Psychotherapy
Definition
Any of a large number of related methods of treating mental and emotional disordrs by using psychological techniques instead of physical means of treatment. 
Term
Psychotropic
Definition
Any substance capable of affecting the mind, emotions and behavior; drugs used in the treatment of mental illness. 
Term
Purging
Definition
The means of ridding the body of what has been consumed; that is, the individual may induce vomiting or use laxative to rid the body of food that has just been eaten. 
Term
Schizophrenia
Definition

Any of a large group of psychotic disorders characterized by gross distortion of reality, distrubances of language and communication, withdrawal from social interaction,and the disorganization and fragmentation of thought, perception, and emotional reaction. 

usually diagnosed in the 20s

Clinical symptoms: hallucinations, delusions, disorgniazed speech, disorganized or catatonic (unresponsive) behavior, flattened affect 

Term
Sedative
Definition
An agent that decreases functional activity and has a calming effect on the body. 
Term
Senile Dementia 
Definition
An organic mental disorder of the aged, resulting from the generalized atrophy of the brain with no evidence of cerebrovascular disease. This condition is characterized by loss of memory, impaired judgment, decreased moral and ethical values, inability to think abstractly, and periods of confusion and irritability. These symptos may range from mild to severe. 
Term
Sexual Sadism/Sexual Masochism
Definition
The sexual disorder that invovles the act (real, not simulated) of being humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer; or the act of inflicting psychological or physical suffering on the victim. 
Term
Somatoform Disorders
Definition
Any group of neurotic disorders characterized by symptoms suggesting physical illness or disease for which there are no demonstrable organic causes or physiologic dysfunctions. 
Term
Tolerance
Definition
The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug without apparent adverse effects and, with continued use of the drug, to require increased dosages to produce the same effect. 
Term

Axis I

DSM-IV-TR Multiaxial Classification System

Definition

Major Mental Disorders

Developmental Disorders and Learning Disabilities. 

Term

Axis II

DSM-IV-TR Multiaxial Classification System

Definition

Personality Disorders

Mental Retardation

Term

Axis III

DSM-IV-TR Multiaxial Classification System

Definition
General Medical Conditions
Term

Axis IV

DSM-IV-TR Multiaxial Classification System

Definition
Psychosocial and Environmental Problems
Term

Axis V

DSM-IV-TR Multiaxial Classification System

Definition
Global Assessment of Functioning
Term
Amnesia Disorders
Definition

are characterized by short-term and long-term memory deficits. 

 

These individuals have normal attention but are unable to learn new information (short-term memory) and are unable to recall previously learned information (long-term memory)

These individuals have no personality change, no impairment in judgment, and no impairment in abstract thinking. 

Cause ex: head injury, cerebrovascular disease, poorly controled insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, substance abuse, reaction to medications, and exposure to toxins. 

Term
Somatoform Disorders
Definition
are described as any group of neurotic disorders characterized by symptoms suggesting physical illness or disease for which there are no demonstrable organic causes or physiologic dysfunctions. 
Term
Conversion Disorder
Definition

A disorder in which the individual represses anxiety experienced by emotional conflicts by converting the anxious feelings into physical symptoms that have no orgnaic basis but are perceivd to be real by the individual.

 

The individual's lack of concern with the problem is often a clue to the physician that the problem may be psychological rather than physiological.  

Term
Hypochondriasis
Definition
A chronic, abnormal concern about the health of the body, characterized by extreme anxiety, depression, and an unrealistic interpretation of real or imagined physical symptoms as indications of a serious illness or disease despite rtional medical evidence that no disorder is present. 
Term

Munchausen Syndrom

(by proxy)

Definition

A somewhat rare form of child abuse in which a parent of a child falsifies an illness in a child by fabricating or creating the symptoms and then seeks frequent medical attention for the child. 

 

 

Term
Dissociative Fugue
Definition
is a disorder in which the individual separates from a past life and associations, wanders away for a period of time, and returns with no recollection of the disapperance. 
Term
Borderline Personality Disorder
Definition

is characterized by an extensive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and marked impulsivity that begins by early adulthood and is present in a variety of contexts. 

 

similar to changes due to general medical conditions and from chronic substance abuse. 

Term
Schizoid Personality Disorder
Definition
is characterized by the inability to form social relationships. The individual may appear as emoitonally cold or indifferent. 
Term

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

(ADHD)

 

Definition

is a condition of persistent inattention and hyperactivity, impulsivity, or both; formerly known as attention-deficit disorder (ADD). 

 

Term

Antianxiety Agents

(Drug Therapy)

Definition
are used for short-term treatment to calm anxious or agitated people without decreasing thier consciousness. 
Term

Antidepressants

(Drug Therapy)

Definition

regulate mood and reduce the symptoms of depression.

ex: Elavil, Prozac, and Nardil

Term

Antipsychotic Agents

(Drug Therapy)

Definition

are major tranquilizers that work to block the receptors in teh brain responsible for psychotic behavior, including hallucinations, delusions, and paranoia. 

These agents lessen agitated havavior, reduce tension, decrease hallucinations and delusions, improve the individual's social behavior, and produce better sleep patters of the distrubed individual. 

ex: Clozaril, Zyprexa, Halidol, and Risperdol

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