• exchange nutrients and wastes with the interstital fluid
• pass the blood trhough organs that control blood composition (lungs, liver, kidneys)
• temperature regulation, horomone distribution, immune system

blood is connective tissue

plasma (55%)

water (90% plasma)

proteins

salts (ex. sodium, potassium, calcium)

substances being transported (oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, horomones)

cellular elements (45%)

red blood cells (erythrocytes)

white blood cells (leukocytes)

platelets (thrombocytes)

• erythrocytes
• the avg person has 25 trillion
• carbohydrate-containing molecules on thier surface det blood type (A, B, AB, or O)
• Each blood cell contains approx 250 million hemoglobin; the iron containing protein that transports oxygen.

in an open circulatory system the circulating fluid is pumped through the open ended vessels.

once the circulating fluid leaves the vessels, it can bathe the organs/cells

only in small organisms

• exchange of materials (gases, nutrients, wastes) between the blood and the rest of the body.
• oxygen and nutrients transported to tissues
• carbon dioxide & wates transported away from tissues

the cycle of contraction and relaxation of the heart

diastole - relaxation (filling) phase

systole - contraction (pumping) phase

valves - one way; opened during systole

lined on the inside with layers of tightly packed epithelial cells.

arteries and veins have a middle layer of smooth muscle for constriction - preven blood expansion.

one cell thick; allow exchange of substances between the blood and interstitial fluid.

blood cells must pass through single file.

How do simple animals such as hydras and jellies exchange materials?

many invertebrates, including most molluscs, and all arthropods.

Arteries

Capillaries

and Veins

It pumps oxygenated blood around the body via the systemic circulation.

The left ventricle receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the rest of the body.

arteries carry blood away from heart

branch into smaller arterioles as they approach the organs.

the blood then flows from arerioles into capillary beds

networks of tiny vessels called capillaries infiltrate nearly every organ and tissue int he body.

the thin walls of capillaries allow exchange between the blood and interstial fluid.

ex. in fish, blood is oxygenated in gill capilaries and then travels via arteries to other capillary beds, where oxygen enters tissue cells.

capilaries converge into venules, which in turn converge into larger veins

fill in the blanks

____________ are the functional center of the circulatory system: this where materials are ___________ to and from surrounding ___________. arteries and ______ primarily transport ____________ back and forth between the ___________ and capillaries.

 what does the pulmonary circuit do?

the pulmonary circuit carries blood between the heart and lungs.

in the lungs the , carbon dioxide diffuses one way (from the blood into the lungs)

while, oxygen diffuses the other way (from the lungs into the blood)

the pulmonary circuit then returns the oxygen rich blood to the heart

has a pulmonary circuit and a systemic circuit

pulmonary : in organisms with double circulation, the pulmonary circuit transports blood between the heart and lungs

systemic circuit: the systemic circuit transports blood between the heart and the rest of the body

place the following in the order that describes how blood travels from the heart to cells throughout the body and back to the heart:

capillaries, arteries, arterioles, venules and veins

yes

the two ventricles pump almost in unison, sending some blood through the pulmonary circuit and the rest through the systemic circuit at the same time.

takes blood one minute to travel through the circulatory system

lets start at the right atrium, where 2 large veins empty O₂ - poor blood from the body into the heart.

the  blood is then pumped to the right ventricle, which pumps the O₂ -poor blood to the lungs via 2 pulmonary arteries

as the blood flows through capillaries in the lungs, CO₂ diffuses out of the blood and O₂ diffuses into the blood.

the newly oxygenated rich blood then flows through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium of the heart, completing the pulmonary circuit.

The blood is pumped a short distance from the left atrium to the left ventricle

blood leaves the left ventricle through the aorta, the largest blood vessel in the body

branching from the aorta are several large arteries that lead to the head and arms and the abdominal region and legs.

near each abdominal organ, arteries lead to arterioles that in turn branch into capilaries  that penetrate the body's tissues.

diffusion of Oxygen into the cells and carbon dioxide out of the cells takes place across the thin walls of the capillaries.

downstream , the capillaries join into venules, which convey the blood back into veins.

oxygen poor blood from the upper body and head is channeled into a large vein called the superior vena cava

another large vein, the inferior vena cava, receives blood from the lower body.

the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava complete the systemic circuit by returning blood to the heart.

yes, valves are flaps of tissue that close when the ventricles contract to prevent the backflow of blood into the atria and also when the ventricles relax to preven the backflow of blood from exiting vessels to the ventricles.

it is loaded with carbon dioxide

The blood in pulmonary arteries has not yet delivered its load of carbon dioxide to the lungs, so it is the only arterial blood that is oxygen-poor.

keep blood moving forward through the heart

Because the valves are unidirectional, blood movement is restricted to one direction.

the atria collect blood returning to the heart and pump it into the ventricles.

the ventricles, which pump blood out of the heart to the other body organs, are much more powerful than the atria.

four valves in the heart prevent backflow and keep blood moving in the correct direction.

the 4 chambered structure of the heart prevents the oxygen rich and oxygen poor blood from mixing.

the right atrium recieves oxygen poor blood from body tissues via two large veins, and the right ventricle pumps in to the lungs.

the left atrium recieves oxygen rich blood from lungs

and the left ventricle pumps it out to body organs via the arteries.

during diastole, which lasts about .4 seconds, blood returning to the heart flows into all four chambers.

during the first .1 second of systole, the atria contract forcing all the blood into the ventricles

in the last .3 second of systole, the ventricles contract, pumping clood out of the heart and into the aorta and pulmonary arteries.

fill in the blanks

one _________beat is one complete circuit of the ___________cycle. in a healthy adult person at rest, the number of beats per minute, or heart rate, ranges between _____ and ____.

a defect in one or more of the valves.

a serious murmur sounds like a hisses as a stream of blood squirts backward through a defective valve.

severe murmurs can reduce blood flow to the point that it causes death.

more are not serious can be corrected by replacing the damaged valves with artificial ones or froma  donor.

some people are born with it and others are damaged by infection (rheumatic fever)

fill in the blanks

heart chambers called the ___________ receive blood returning to the heart via blood vessels called ___________. the __________ are the chambers where blood is pumped out of the heart to blood vessels called ________

carry carbon dioxide to the lungs and pick up oxygen from the lungs

As blood flows through the capillary beds in the lungs, it loads up on oxygen and unloads carbon dioxide.

atrium, ventricle, artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, vein

a very artistic angry cab van voomed

into the right atrium

The inferior vena cava is the major vein carrying blood from the capillaries of the lower body into the heart via the right intake chamber.

your blood pressure is 120/70. the "120"indicates

left atrium and left ventricle

The left side of the heart receives blood from the lungs and provides it to the arteries.

right ventricle,

 lungs,

 left atrium,

 left ventricle,

 body,

 right atrium

The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs, and the blood returns to the left atrium. The left atrium empties into the left ventricle, which is the large muscular chamber that pumps blood to the rest of the body. Veins returning blood to the heart empty into the two venae cavae, which return blood to the right atrium.

also known as the SA (sioanatrial) node, sets the temp of the heartbeat. located within muscle tissue in the wall of right atrium.

generates electrical impulses

impulses spread through atria

impulses reach ventricles

lined with a thin layer of tightly packed epithelial cells.

capillaries have thin walls

veins and arteries have two additional layers (smooth muscle and connective tissue) allows them to contract and relax and regulate blood flow.

veins have one way valves and arteries don't

prevent backflow

the force that blood exerts against the walls of your blood vessels is called blood pressure.

created by the beating of the heart, blood pressure is the main force driving the blood from the heart through the arteries and arterioles to the capillary beds.

when the ventricles contract, blood is forced into the arteries faster than the it can flow into the arterioles and the faster flow creates pressure that stretches the elastic walls.

a rhythmic stretching of the arteries caused by the pressure of blood forced into the arteries during systole.

the second number  is the blood pressure that remains in the arteries during diastoel.

high blood pressure

140/90

affects 1/4 of population

live a healthy life and it will lower your blood pressure

walls of capillaries are thin and leaky.

chemical exchange: within the capillary beds, there is local exchange of molecules between the blood and interstitial fluid , which bathes the ccells of tissues.

arteries  branch into smaller vessels called arterioles

arterioles branch into capillaries

chemical exchange between blood and interstitial fluid occurs across the thin walls of capilaries

capillaries converge into venules, whcih deliver blood to veins

all of these vessels are lined by thin , smooth epithelium

arteries and veins have two additional layers

the arteries and veins have elastic connective tissue which allows the vessells to stretch and recoil.

smooth muscle - by constricting or relaxing, smooth muscle  can narrow or widen the blood vessels, thereby regulating blood flow

veins convey blood back to the heart at low velocity and pressure after the blood has passed through capillary beds.

veins have one way valves that prevent backflow, ensuring the blood alwayys moves towards the heart (but not arteries)

created by the beating of the heart, BP is the main forcre driving the blood fromt he heart through the arteris and arterioles to the capillary beds.

when the ventricles contract, blood is forced into the arteries faster than it can flow into the arterioles.

this faster flow creates pressure that stretches the elastic walls of the arteries.

define pulse

a pulse is the rhythmic stretching of the arteries caused by the pressure of blood forced intot eh arteries during systole. the elastic walls of the arteries recoil during diastole, maintaing enough pressure on the remaining blood to sustatin a constant flow into arteriioles and capillaries. thus blood pressure is recorded as two numbers

120(systole)/80(diastole) - BP that remains in the arteries.

muscles control the flow of blood into capillary beds.

5-10% of your capillaries have a steady flow of blood running through them at a given time

blood flows through the brain, heart , kidneys and liver continuously

after a meal blood flows to the digesetive tract, during exercise it's shunted away from dt and moves to the skeltal muscles and skin

hence muscle cramping after eating 

the walls of cap are thin and leaky.

as blood enters a capillary at the arterial end, blood pressure pushes fluid rich in oxygen, nutrients and other substances needed by the surrounding cells out of the capillary and into the interstital fluid. these molecules then diffuse from the interstitial fluid into nearby tissue cells.

at the venous end of the capillary, carbon dioxide and othe rwastes diffuse from tissue cells , throughthe interstitial fluid and into the capillary bloodstream.

this local chemical exchange-between blood and tissue cells withitn capilarry bed- isthe most important functgion of the circulatory system

varicose veins - swollen veins

cramping

blood clots

and ulcerations

Red blood cells  (erythrocytes)

numerous -25 trillion

carb containing mol on surf of RB cell det blood type A,B,AB, or O

250 million mols of hemoglobin

hemo is a iron-contain'g proteins that transpo oxygen.

RB cells pass through capillary beds of ur lungs, oxygen diffuses into RB cells and binds to hemo

this process is reversed in the capil of the sys circu, where hemo unloads its carogo of oxygen tothe body's cells

shaped liked disks w indent, increas's surface area avail for gas exchange

lack nuclei & other organelles, more room for hemog

smaller than most

abnormal low amt of hemog or low numbe rof RB cells results in amneia

mutation in gene for hemo results in sickle cell disease another cause of anemia

EPO relieves symptos of amneia

WHITE BLOOD CELLS

(leukocytes)

larger

contain nuclei and all other organelles

700 times fewer

temp increase when combating infection

PLATELETS AND BLOOD CLOTTING

clots are formed by platelets and fibrinogen

platelets are bits of meembrane-wrapped cytoplasm pinched off from larger cells inthe bone marrow

they form a sticky cluster that seals minor breaks. also convert fibrinogen, a protein found in the plasma, to a threadlike protein called fibrin.

mols of fibrin form a dense netweord to create a patch on the skin, called scabs.

hemophilia

life threatning

no clotting, bleed death

geneetic mutati

Embolous

fatal

blood clot forms in blood vessel

lodges a artery of the heart, heart attach or stroke can occur

where do platelets and red and white blood cells come from?

the red marrow inside of bones such as ribs , vertebra, sternum, and pelvis contain stem cells taht differentiate into red and while blood cells as well into the cells the produce platelets.

Leukemia

cancer fo white blood cells

cancerous cells grow uncontrollably

overabundance of Wblood cells causes crowding in the red bon marrow causing severe amneia and impaired clotting

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

performs homeostatic functions, which:

maintain internal conditions

exchanging nutrients & wastes w t interstitial fluid

contols chemical bal of t fluid that surrounds cells

2ndly control composition of t blood by conti moving through t organs (lungs, liver and kidneys) regulate blood content.

temp reg, horomon distribu, & defense against foregin invaders

cardiovascular disease

set of diseases affecting t heart & blood vessels

40% of all deaths in US/1 million deaths/yr

Cardiovascular Disease

heart muscle cells require oxygen-rich blood

when blood exits the aorta, several coranory arteries branch off to supply the heart muscle

if one or more of these muscles become blocked, the heart muscles cells die from lack of oxygen.

lack of heart function causes heart attack

Heart Attacks

most caused from atherosclerosis

cholesterol and other substances accumulate into plaque -form in arteries-narrows passages for blood flow-vessels narrowed by plaque raise blood pressure-trap clots

partial blockage casuses chest pain called anigina

cardiovascular disease can be inherited

smoking dbls risk

exercise reg -reduce risk

eat healthy - low in chol, fat, and sat fat

drugs to treat cardiov disease are:

angioplasty - inserting catheter w a baloon that is inflated to compress plaque & widen clogged cornary arteries.

stents - sm wire mesh tubes that prop arteries open

bypass surgery - blood vessels from leg r sewn onto heart to shunt blood around clogged coronary arteries

heart transplant

all only treat symptoms, not a cure

surivival depends on close cooperatiiong between the circulatory and respiratory systems

the circul system transports gases andother substan to and from body cells

cellular respiration uses oxygen and glucose to produce water, carbon dioxide, and energy in the form of ATP.

all working cells therefore require a steady supply of oxygen from the environment and must  continuously dispose of carbon dioxide

atmosphere - 21% O₂

Terrestrial animals breath O₂

Oceans,lakes etc contain O₂ In the form of dissolved gas 3-5% of environment

Respiratory Surface

O_{2 IS OBTAINED BY PASSING OVER GILLS}

_{THE PART OF AN ANIMAL WHERE} O_{2 FROM THE ENVIRONMENT DIFFUSES INTO LVING CELLS AND} c

CO_{2  DIFFUSES OUT TO SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENT IS CALLED THE RESPIRATORY SURFACE}

Respirtory surface of an animal -

big enought to take up oxygen for every cell in teh body

some aninals use there outer skin as a respir surface - earthworms

oxygen and carbon dioxed exchange between t environment and a dense net of capilaries just below the skin

Most animals outer body is either impermeable to gases or lacks sufficient area to exchange gases for the whole body.

therefore, specialized regions of the body have extensivily folded or branched surface area for gas exchange.

cellular respiration

glucose + oxygen --->--->--->carbon dioxide+water+ATP (energy)

fish are vertebrates

obtains oxygen pumping water over its gills

gas diffuses between water and the blood

blood carries oxygen to rest of body

remove 80% of oxgen from t water over their gills

most land dwelling animals, t respir sufaces r folded into the body rather than extending from it.

t infolded surfaces r open to the airl only through narrow tubes.

tubes all animals to breathe air while retaining the moisture needed to maintain plasma membranes of repiratory surface cells.

insect breathing use a tracheal system

extensi network of branching internal tubes called tracheae.

begins near bodys surface and branchd own to narrower tubestaht extend to every cell

diffusion (gas exch)

no circul system

lungs are localized organs lined with moist epithelium

most terrestrial vertebraes exchange gases across a thin lining of lungs, internal organs with a rich blood supply

skin

gills

tracheae

lungs

skin

entire body surface

gills

extensions of the body surface

tracheae

branching internal tubes

lungs

localized internal organs

The Human Resp System

3 phases of gas exchange

breathing

gas exchange

servicing of cells within the body tissues

breathing

when you breathe a large, moist internal surf is exposed to air.

oxygen diffuses across the cells lining the lungs and into the surrounding blood vessels.

simultanously, CO2 passes out of the blood vessels, intot he lungs and is exhaled.

lungs r extens branched

2. the transport of gases by circul system

O2 from the lungs transport to rest of b ody via circulatory sys.

the blood also carries CO2 from the tissues back to the lungs

3. Servicing of cells with the body tiss

in the final step of gas exch o2 diffuses from red blood cells into body cells, which release CO2 into blood.

the delivered O2 is used by the body cells to obtain energy from food via process of cellul resp.

same process produce co2 as a waste product that cells pass to the blood.

the circu syste transports the co2 back to the lungs where it's exhales

air enters resp sys through external openings:

the nostrils

and

mouth

the bronchioles dead-end in grapelike clusters of air sacs called alveoli (millions)

inner surface of alveolus is lined with a layer of epithelial cells that forms the resp surface, where the exchange of gases actually takes place.

O2 enters the bloodstream by diffusingin fromt he air into a web of blood capillaries that surrounds each alveolus.

exhalation go over vocal cords within larynx

produced by flexing muscles in voice boxc as air rushes by, stretching the voc cords and making them vibrate.

high pitched sounds r produced by tening and shortening t cords

lower pit are made by reducing the tension and lengthing t cords.

during pub, boys have trouble lenthing voc cords hence a breaking voice.

how a human breathes

air inhaled

rib cage expands as rib muscles contract

diaphragm contracts -moves down

inhalation - air pressure is higher in atomosphere than in lungs

results is that air rushes in through the mouth and nostrils toward the region of lower presure , filling the lungs

How a human breathe

air exhaled

rib cages get smaller as rib muslces relax

diaphragm relaxes - moves up

this decreased volume increases the air pressure inside the lungs, forcing air out of resp system.

exhalation - air pressure is lower in atmospher than in lungs

control centres in the brain that regulate breathing

CO2 levels in the blood rise as a result of exercise

breathing control centres in the brain monitor the rising CO2 levels in the blood

nerve signals trigger contraction of muscles to increase breathing rate and depth

amphibians use muscles to push air intot heir lungs - positive pressure breathing.

nerves from breathing ctrl centre in the brainstem send signals that maintain a resp rate of 10 - 14 inhal per minute.

1. levels of CO2 in the blood affect breathing.

when u exerdcise, cellular resp kick in, producint more ATP for ur muscles and raising the amt of CO2 in the blood.

2. when the brain senses the higher CO2 level

3. breathing ctrl cent increase the breating rate and depth.

as a result more CO2 is eliminated in the exhaled air and more O2 is provided to musclels.

Hyperventilating

excessive breathing

overload of CO2 in blood

ctrl centres slows does diaphragm and musc

causes arterioles in brain to constrict, decrease blood supply and causing dizziness.

slow breathing conti til CO2 leves increase enough to switch the breathing ctrl cen back to norm fun.

gas transport and exchange in the body

oxygen rich blood is sent from the lungs to capilarries in other body tissues via the heart, oxygen enters body tissue and Carbon dioxide leaves leaves, entering the blood, the oxygen rpoor blood is circulated back tot he heart, then tothe lungs

in the lungs O2 moves from air spaces inside the alveoli into capila surrounding the alveo. at the same time CO2 exits.

exchange by diffusion - o2 moves out of the air and intot he blood because air is richer in o2 , co2 also diffuses alonga  gradient in this case from the blood to the air in the lungs.

O2 does not dissolve in blood

o2 in blood is carried by hemoglobin mol within red blood cells.

hemogl consists of 4 polypeptides chains

attached to each poly is a chem group called hem at the centre of which is an atom of iron

each iron can hold one oxygen mol

each hem can carry a max of 4 oxy mols

each red blood cells has 250 mil mols of hemog, so one tiny cells can carry 1bil oxy mols.

hemoglobin pikcs up oxy in the lungs , carries to body cells and releases it.

when hemog bind oxy changes to cherry red

oxy poor is blue through skin but is dark maroon

iron is import to hemeg stur, a shortage can cause  less hemog to be produced.

iron defic = amneia

women more likely to develop - menustration

hemoglo can also bind to CO2, colourless , odorless gas. binds even more so than to oxygen

interferes with the delivery of O2 to cells

interferes w cellul resp, can cause death

smoking

mostly microscop particles of carbon

4000 dif chemicals

epithelial tissue lining our resp systemis delcate. main protection is mucus coverthing cells and the beating cilia that sweep dirt particles and microorganisms off their surfaces

toba smoke damages the cells that line the bronchi and trachea, inhibiting their ability to remove foregin substances from the airway.

leads to interference w how the body eliminates ]foreign sub, making them reach and damage the lungs delicate alveoli.

frequent coughing - attempt to clean itself

smoking kills 440,000 more then all deaths by accidents\

die 13 - 14 yrs earlier

90% of lung cancer deaths

15% llung can paiteints survive 5 yrs