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| General term for any isotope of any element. |
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| Differences between the mass of an atom annd the sum of the masses of its protons, neutrons, and electrons. |
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| Energy released when a nucleus is formed from nucleons |
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| Binding energy per nucleon |
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Definition
| The binding energy of the nucleus divided by the number of nucleons it contains |
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| The stable nuclei cluster over a range of neutron-proton ratios |
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| The nucleons that exist in different energy levels, or shells in the nucleus |
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| Numbers of nucleons that represent completed nuclear energy levels - 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, and 126 |
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| A reaction that affects the nucleus of an atom |
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| A change in the identity of a nucleus as a result of a change in the number of its protons |
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| The spontaneous disintegration of a nucleus into a slightly lighter nucleus, accompanied by emission of particles, electromagnetic radiation, or both. |
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| Particles or elecromagentic radiation emitted from the nucleus during radioactive decay. |
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| Two protons and two neutrons bound together and is emitted fron the nucleus during some kinds of radioactive decay. |
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| An electron emitted from the nucleus during some kinds of radioactive decay. |
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| A particle that has the same mass as an electron, but has a positive charge, and is emitted during some kinds of radioactive decay. |
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| High-energy electromagnetic waves emitted from a nucleus as it changes from an excited state to a ground energy state. |
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Definition
| Occurs when an inner orbital electron is captured by the nucleus of its own atom. |
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| The time required for half the atoms of a radioactive nuclide to decay. |
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| A series of radioactive nuclides produced by successive radioactive decay until a stable nuclide is reached. |
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| The heaviest nuclide of a decay series. |
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| The nuclides produced by the decay of the parent nuclides. |
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| Elements with more than 92 protons in their nuclei. |
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| The process by which the approximate age of an object is determined based on the amount of certain radioactive nuclides present. |
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| Process in which a very heavy nucleus splits into more-stable nuclei of intermediate mass. |
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| A reaction in which the material that starts the reaction is also one of the products and can start another reaction. |
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| These use heat from nuclear reactors to produce electrical energy. |
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| The minimum amount of nuclide that provides the number of neutrons needed to sustain a chain reaction. |
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| These use controlled-fission chain reactions to produce energy or radioactive nuclides. |
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Definition
| Light-mass nuclei combine to form a heavier, more stable nucleus. |
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| Bombardment of stable nuclei with charged and uncharged particles. |
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| A device that uses exposure of film to measure the approximate radiation exposure of people working with radiation. |
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| An instrument that detects radiation by counting electric pulses carried by gas ionized by radiation. |
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| A radioactive atom that is incorporated into a substance so that movement of the substance can be followed by a radiation detector. |
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| The quantity of ionizing radiation that does as much damage to human tissue as is done by 1 roentgen of high voltage X rays. |
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| A unit used to measure nuclear radiation; equal to the amount of radiation that produces 2E9 ion pairs when it passes through a cubic centimeter of dry air. |
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| An instrument that converts scintillating light to an electric signal for detecting radiation. |
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| Neutron-absorbing rods that help control a nuclear reaction by controlling the number of free electrons. |
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| A material used to slow down the fast neutrons produced by fission. |
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| Radiation-absorbing material that is used to decrease exposure to radiation, especially gamma rays from nuclear reactors. |
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| Radioactive products of fusion and fission reactions. |
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| An unstable nucleus that undergoes radioactive decay. |
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