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Chapter 22
22 Northside Holt Chemistry
41
Chemistry
Not Applicable
10/15/2004

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Term
Nucleons
Definition
A proton or a neutron
Term
Nuclide
Definition
General term for any isotope of any element.
Term
Mass Defect
Definition
Differences between the mass of an atom annd the sum of the masses of its protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Term
Nuclear Binding Energy
Definition
Energy released when a nucleus is formed from nucleons
Term
Binding energy per nucleon
Definition
The binding energy of the nucleus divided by the number of nucleons it contains
Term
Band of Stability
Definition
The stable nuclei cluster over a range of neutron-proton ratios
Term
Nuclear Shell Model
Definition
The nucleons that exist in different energy levels, or shells in the nucleus
Term
Magic Numbers
Definition
Numbers of nucleons that represent completed nuclear energy levels - 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, and 126
Term
Nuclear Reaction
Definition
A reaction that affects the nucleus of an atom
Term
Transmutation
Definition
A change in the identity of a nucleus as a result of a change in the number of its protons
Term
Radioactivity Decay
Definition
The spontaneous disintegration of a nucleus into a slightly lighter nucleus, accompanied by emission of particles, electromagnetic radiation, or both.
Term
Nuclear Radiation
Definition
Particles or elecromagentic radiation emitted from the nucleus during radioactive decay.
Term
Alpha Particle
Definition
Two protons and two neutrons bound together and is emitted fron the nucleus during some kinds of radioactive decay.
Term
Beta Particle
Definition
An electron emitted from the nucleus during some kinds of radioactive decay.
Term
Positron
Definition
A particle that has the same mass as an electron, but has a positive charge, and is emitted during some kinds of radioactive decay.
Term
Gamma Rays
Definition
High-energy electromagnetic waves emitted from a nucleus as it changes from an excited state to a ground energy state.
Term
Electron Capture
Definition
Occurs when an inner orbital electron is captured by the nucleus of its own atom.
Term
Half-life
Definition
The time required for half the atoms of a radioactive nuclide to decay.
Term
Decay Series
Definition
A series of radioactive nuclides produced by successive radioactive decay until a stable nuclide is reached.
Term
Parent Nuclide
Definition
The heaviest nuclide of a decay series.
Term
Daughter Nuclides
Definition
The nuclides produced by the decay of the parent nuclides.
Term
Transuranium Elements
Definition
Elements with more than 92 protons in their nuclei.
Term
Radioactive Dating
Definition
The process by which the approximate age of an object is determined based on the amount of certain radioactive nuclides present.
Term
Fission
Definition
Process in which a very heavy nucleus splits into more-stable nuclei of intermediate mass.
Term
Chain Reaction
Definition
A reaction in which the material that starts the reaction is also one of the products and can start another reaction.
Term
Nuclear Power Plants
Definition
These use heat from nuclear reactors to produce electrical energy.
Term
Critical Mass
Definition
The minimum amount of nuclide that provides the number of neutrons needed to sustain a chain reaction.
Term
Nuclear Reactors
Definition
These use controlled-fission chain reactions to produce energy or radioactive nuclides.
Term
Nuclear Fusion
Definition
Light-mass nuclei combine to form a heavier, more stable nucleus.
Term
Artificial Transmutation
Definition
Bombardment of stable nuclei with charged and uncharged particles.
Term
Film Badge
Definition
A device that uses exposure of film to measure the approximate radiation exposure of people working with radiation.
Term
Geiger-Muller Counter
Definition
An instrument that detects radiation by counting electric pulses carried by gas ionized by radiation.
Term
Radioactive Tracer
Definition
A radioactive atom that is incorporated into a substance so that movement of the substance can be followed by a radiation detector.
Term
rem
Definition
The quantity of ionizing radiation that does as much damage to human tissue as is done by 1 roentgen of high voltage X rays.
Term
Roentgen
Definition
A unit used to measure nuclear radiation; equal to the amount of radiation that produces 2E9 ion pairs when it passes through a cubic centimeter of dry air.
Term
Scintillation Counter
Definition
An instrument that converts scintillating light to an electric signal for detecting radiation.
Term
Control Rods
Definition
Neutron-absorbing rods that help control a nuclear reaction by controlling the number of free electrons.
Term
Moderator
Definition
A material used to slow down the fast neutrons produced by fission.
Term
Shielding
Definition
Radiation-absorbing material that is used to decrease exposure to radiation, especially gamma rays from nuclear reactors.
Term
Nuclear Waste
Definition
Radioactive products of fusion and fission reactions.
Term
Radioactive Nuclide
Definition
An unstable nucleus that undergoes radioactive decay.
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