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chapter 22
Lymphatic and Immune System Mr. Moulder
45
Biology
Undergraduate 2
04/28/2012

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Term
Lymphatic and Immune System
A. Functions:
Definition
1. Drain interstitial fluid
- this fluid is called Lymph after entering Lymphatic vessels.
2. Transport dietary lipids from the GI Tract (via Lacteals).
3. Facilitate the immune response, the body's specific defense mechanism.
Term
Lymph Capillaries.
Definition
- These vessels drain interstitial spaces. Lymph capillaries merge to form larger vessels. These vessels become progressively larger as they return lymph towards the heart. Lymph vessel have valves to facilitate lymph return.
- The lower body and left upper torso drains into the left Brachiocephalic Vein. The right upper torso and head drains into the right Brachiocephalic Vein.
Term
a. Lymph Nodes
Definition
- approx. 600 throughout the body that lie along lymphatic vessels
- are small encapsulated structures made of connective tissue, lymphocytes, fibroblasts and macrophages
- lymph travels in one direction through these structures
- these are most concentrated in the inguinal, axilla and cervical regions
- macrophages phagocytize foreign particles that are carried into the lymph nodes
- an area where lymphocytes proliferate
Term
Thymus
Definition
- located in the mediastinum
- aids in the maturation of T-lymphocytes
- begins to atrophy after birth
Term
Thymus
Definition
- located in the mediastinum
- aids in the maturation of T-lymphocytes
- begins to atrophy after birth
Term
Spleen
Definition
- located in LUQ
- consists of two types of tissue:
(1) White pulp
- contains lymphatic tissue
(2) Red pulp
- stores various cells, site of RBC destruction
Term
Spleen
Definition
- located in LUQ
- consists of two types of tissue:
(1) White pulp
- contains lymphatic tissue
(2) Red pulp
- stores various cells, site of RBC destruction
Term
White pulp
Definition
- contains lymphatic tissue
Term
Red pulp
Definition
- stores various cells, site of RBC destruction
Term
Lymphatic nodules
Definition
- non-encapsulated, ex. Tonsil's, Peyer's Patches
Term
Innate (Nonspecific) immunity
Definition
- Mechanisms that provide immediate, but general protection from a wide range of pathogens. These are present at birth.
Term
Types of Nonspecific Resistance:
Definition
1. Intact skin and mucous membranes (secrete mucous)
2. Saliva
3. Hairs, Cilia
4. Lacrimal apparatus
5. Sebum
6. Vaginal secretions
7. Lysozyme
8. Perspiration
8. Gastric juice
9. Urine flow
10. Interferon (IFN)
11. Phagocytosis
12. Natural Killer (NK) Cells
13. Inflammation
Term
Lysozyme
Definition
- An antibacterial enzyme that is present in many body secretions.
Term
Interferon (IFN)
Definition
- antimicrobial proteins produced by certain cells in response to viral infection
Term
Phagocytosis
Definition
- ingestion of microbes and other particles by phagocytes
Term
Natural Killer (NK) Cells
Definition
- a circulating lymphocyte that has the ability to kill a wide range of pathogens and tumor cells, these cells release proteins into "foreign" cells to produce cytolysis
Term
Inflammation
Definition
- The body's response to tissue damage.
- Characteristic signs and symptoms = redness, pain, heat, swelling (possible loss of function)
Term
Stages of Inflammation:
Definition
a. Vasodilation and increased vessel permeability.
b. Phagocytes are mobilized, then guided to inflammation site.
c. Tissue repair.
Term
Fever
Definition
- An abnormally high body temperature. The body's thermostat is located in the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus resets the thermostat in response to certain pathogens. This intensifies the body's antimicrobial activity.
Term
Adaptive (Specific) immunity
Definition
- The ability of the body to defend itself against specific invading agents.
- The activation of lymphocytes in response to an antigen.
Term
Antigen (Ag) -
Definition
Substances that evoke an immune response. These are usually a protein or glycoprotein.
Term
Epitope =
Definition
Antigenic determinant
- The specific portion of an antigen that triggers the immune response.
Term
Hapten - .
Definition
A small molecule that has to attach to a carrier protein before it can induce an immune response
Term
Immunocompetence -
Definition
The ability of certain cells (B and T lymphocytes) to carry out an immune response.
Term
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
Definition
- The genes that code for cell surface molecules. For cell recognition, i.e. MHC antigens.
Term
Cytokine -
Definition
a group of small protein based hormones that signal various cell functions (Interleukin - cytokines used to send signals to leukocytes).
Term
Secondary (Anamnestic) Response -
Definition
An increased immune response to subsequent exposure of a specific antigen, involves Memory Cells.
Term
Cell Mediated Immunity
Definition
- involve T-lymphocytes
- produces a cellular response to a specific antigen
Term
Helper T Cells
Definition
- stimulates T Cell, B Cell and Natural Killer Cell activity
- CD4 Cell refers to the specific receptor molecules that are mostly found on T Helper Cells
Term
Cytotoxic T Cells
Definition
- attach to infected cells producing lysis
- also known as CD8 Cells
Term
. Suppressor T Cells
Definition
- inhibits T cell activity
Term
Antibody Mediated (Humoral) Immunity
Definition
- involves B-lymphocytes
- produces antibodies (chemical substances) that act against antigens
- G,M,A,D,E
a. Antibody Structure (Monomer):
- Antibody (Ab) = Immunoglobulin
Term
Antibody Structure (Monomer):
Definition
- Antibody (Ab) = Immunoglobulin
Term
Mechanisms of Action:
Definition
(1) Neutralization
- antibody binds to the epitope, which covers (neutralizes) that region of the antigen, this action will immobilize certain cells
(2) Agglutination
- Ag binding to Ag creates large "clumps",
i.e. Antigen-Antibody complexes
(3) Precipitation
- the Ag-Ab complexes fall out of solution, this facilitates their phagocytosis
(4) Opsonization
- antibodies will attach to certain cells, this also facilitates phagocytosis
(5) Activation of the Complement System
Term
Mechanisms of Action:
Definition
(1) Neutralization
- antibody binds to the epitope, which covers (neutralizes) that region of the antigen, this action will immobilize certain cells
Term
Mechanisms of Action:
(2) Agglutination
Definition
- Ag binding to Ag creates large "clumps",
i.e. Antigen-Antibody complexes
Term
Mechanisms of Action:
(3) Precipitation
Definition
- the Ag-Ab complexes fall out of solution, this facilitates their phagocytosis
Term
Mechanisms of Action:
(4) Opsonization
Definition
- antibodies will attach to certain cells, this also facilitates phagocytosis
Term
Mechanisms of Action:
(5) Activation of the Complement System
Definition
Note: The Complement System consists of more than 30 different proteins. This system is activated by Ag-Ab complexes or certain surface molecules that are located in the plasma membrane of microbes. The key method that our body uses to destroy these invaders is to cause Cytolysis (accomplished by inserting Membrane Attack Complexes into the cell membrane.
Term
Allergy
Definition
= Hypersensitivity Reaction
- an excessive immune response to an allergen (antigen)
Initial exposure to an allergen ---> sensitization to allergen ---> subsequent exposure ---> reaction
Term
Anaphylactic Reaction is
Definition
the most common type (ex. bee stings) which results in vasodilation, capillary permeability, constriction of airways and increased mucous secretion
Term
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Definition
- caused by the virus HIV-1 (Human Immunodeficiency Virus), an RNA virus
- the active virus contains the enzyme Reverse Transcriptase which converts ssRNA into dsDNA
- dsDNA becomes incorporated into the hosts genome, which can then be replicated by the host
- transmitted through body fluids, i.e. blood, semen
- mortality usually occurs within 2 to 10 years of initial infection
Term
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
- Signs & Symptoms =
Definition
enlarged lymph nodes, fatigue, weight loss, night sweats, skin lesions, diarrhea
Term
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
- Diagnostic criteria =
Definition
CD4 cells drop below 200 cell/cc
- death results from secondary infections like Pneumocystis Pneumonia, and Kaposi Sarcoma
Term
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
- Treatments:
Definition
Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors, ex. Zidovudine (AZT)
Protease Inhibitors - inhibits the formation of capsid proteins
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