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| Microbial communities form the foundation of ____________ and Shape the environment of plants and animals. |
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| populations of species plus their habitat or environment |
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| filled by each population of organism |
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| TWO key postulates of microbial ecology |
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1. Microbes found in every Earth environment
2. every molecule can be used by a microbe. |
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| Ability of a microbe to fill a niche depends on: |
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1. microbial genome
2. environmental factors
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| process by which organisms acquire an element to build into cells (ex: anabolism) |
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| process of breaking down organic nutrients to inorganic minerals (ex: catabolism) |
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| bodies of living organisms |
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| all organisms participate in this to obtain energy and materials for biomass |
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| levels of consumption related to energy |
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absorb energy from outside ecosystem
assimilate minerals into biomass |
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| take place in all ecosystems and include grazers and predators |
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| consume bodies of dead organisms at trophic level |
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each partner species benefits from the other and may fail to grow independently
example: lichens (fungus + algae) |
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have endosymbiotic bacteria that digest wood polysaccharides like cellulose
example: protists such as Mixotricha paradoxa
Figure 21.7 |
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Definition
open ocean water colum subdivided into regions:
neuston
euphotic zone
aphotic zone
Benthos |
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Definition
10 micrometers
air-water interface
contains highest microbe concentration |
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100-200 meters
receives light, phototrophs grow |
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no light
only heterotrophs and lithotrophs can grow |
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ocean floor, plus sediment below surface
thermal vent communities |
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| prokaryotes from Marine communities are this, because we do not know their culture requirements |
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| sequencing of community DNA |
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| free-floating organism in water, include members of all three domains |
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| benthic microbes on ocean floor |
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Alvinella pompejana
worm is sticking into chimney, other end is hanging into freezing cold ocean
body temp spanning difference of 140 degrees F. |
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dilute concentrations of nutrients and microbes
usually large, undisturbed lakes |
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| what a lake becomes when it receives large concentrations of nutrients such as runoff from agricultural fertilizer or septic systems |
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| fungi that penetrate root cells |
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| greatly enhance plants uptake of water and minerals and can take place in distribution of nutrients to other plants |
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| improve nutrient absorption |
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| endosymbiont that grows within plant, restricted to leaves; confers advantages by restricting growth of other organisms and improves drought tolerance |
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fix nitrogen for legumes
make nodule by root hair curling around a nod factor and being taken into infection thread
enter cortical cells and differentiate into bacteriods
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| fungi; can cause plant infections |
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specialized structure caused by pathogen to infect plants then cause death of host
has melanin layer |
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