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Chapter 2
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67
Health Care
Undergraduate 1
09/17/2011

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Term
Cardiovascular disease
Definition
.one of the leading causes of death in the united states
.diseas of any aspect of the cardiovascular system
.many forms include HBP, stroke and coronary artery disease
Term
Coronary artery disease
Definition
.causes a narrowing of the coronary arteries which supply the heart with nutrients through its blood flow
.the myocardium is not nourished by the blood being pumped to other parts of the body
Term
Myocardium
Definition
muscle layer of the heart
Term
Angina
Definition
pay caused by lack of oxygen in the myocardium, typically confined to the chest of left shoulder and arm.
Term
Myocardial infraction
Definition
.Heart attack
.occurs when the blood supply to part of the heart is blocked.
.THis is typical brought about by a good clot forming in a narrowed coronary artery.
First signs:
.uncmfortable pressue
.fullness
squeezing
.pain in center of chest
Term
Not signals of a heart attack
Definition
sharp, stbbing twinges o pain
Term
Stroke
Definition
affects the blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the brain
.hypertension is a risk factor
Term
Atherosclerosis
Definition
narrowing of arteries due to build-up of deposits in arterial wall
.can cause a blood clot to form inside the cerebral artery and block the blood flow to the brain
Term
Signals of Stroke
Definition
.dizziness
.temporary weakness or numbness on one side of face or limbs
Term
hypertension
Definition
diagnosed if a person has repeated measurements above the optimal levels
.increases the workload of the heart an arteries and contributes to heart failure and atherosclerosis
Term
ideal blood pressure is
Definition
120/80
Term
Ideal Total Cholesterol
Definition
under 200 mg/dl
Term
Number one cause of CVD
Definition
Smoking
Term
Hemoglobin
Definition
portion of the red blood cells is the oxygen carrying component of the blood
Term
Smoking effects on Hemoglobin
Definition
reduces the amount of oxygen in the blood and forces the heart to pump much more blood in order for adequate oxygen to be delivered
Term
Constitutes Hypertension
Definition
Systolic blood pressure consistently elevated above 140mmHg or a diastolic pressure above 90
Term
Hyercholesterolmia
Definition
a terminal name for having too much fat in the blood
Term
Blood lipids(fats)
Definition
.blood fats are responsible for the build up of plaque on the walls of arteries
.the higher an individuals blood lipids the greater his or her risk for CVD
Term
High Cholesterol
Definition
anything greater than 240
Term
LDL-C
Definition
.low density of protein
.high density of fat
.harmful because its ability to cause fatty build up in blood vessels
Term
Ideal and Bad LDL-C levels
Definition
.less than 130m
.anything greater than 160
Term
HDL-C
Definition
. high density of lipoprotein
.the higher the level of HDL-C an individual has the lower his/her risk for developing CVD
Term
Ideal and bad HDL-C levels
Definition
. greater than 45
.less than 35
Term
Triglycerides
Definition
.a blood lip fat
.reading of 200mg/dl or below is considered to be acceptable triglyceride levels with levels above 400 is considered high risk
Term
Aerobic Exercise
Definition
have beneficial effect on blood lipids
.exercise program that elands 1,000 calories per week
Term
Saturated fats
Definition
raise cholesterol levels more than any thing else
.found mostly in animal fats
.fish and poultry contain less saturated fats
Term
Monounsaturated fats
Definition
.such as conola or olive oil
.should make up one third or more of fat calories, since the oils may raise DL-C levels
Term
Polyunsaturated fats
Definition
may help lower total cholesterol without reducing HDL-C, should account for up to one third of the total fat calories consumed
Term
Recommendations for the treatment of Hyperholestrolemia
Definition
.fat intake below 30 percent of total calorie consumption with not more than one third of these calories comic from saturated fat
Term
Obesity
Definition
ten percent above the ideal fat percentage
.risk factors such as high blood pressure and diabetes improve with a decrease in body fat
Term
Secondary or minor Risk Factors
Definition
.diabetes
.stress
gender
.race
.age
.hereditary
Term
Diabetes
Definition
.a condition in which the blood glucose(sugar) is inhibited from entering the cell
.condition is created because the pancreas either stops producing insulin or does not produce enough insulin to meet the body's needs, or the body cannot use insulin
.as a result blood glucose absorption by the cells is low, leading to high blood glucose levels
Term
Diabetes complications
Definition
.eyes
.kidneys
.nerve
.blood vessels
Term
Signs of Diabetes
Definition
.glucose levels above 126 mg
.high if 126-159
.very high 160
.thirst, urination
Term
Type one diabetes
Definition
.insulin dependent
.occur at any age
.produces very little or no insulin
Term
Type 2 diabetes
Definition
.non-insulin dependent
.the insulin production of the pancreas is adequate but the body cells are unable to use the insuli correctly
.diet in water soluble fiber and an aerobe exercise can help prevent
Term
Stress
Definition
.causes increase in catecholamine(stress hormones)
.elevate heart rate
.blood pressure
.blood glucose levels
Term
Fight or Flight
Definition
.the body is preparing to either flight or flight. If the person aces action, the higher level of catecholamies are metabolized and the body returns to its normal state
Term
Stress due to loss
Definition
the catecholamine levels stay elevated and so do blood press , hear rate and blood glucose
Term
Exercise and Stress
Definition
.the body metabolizes excess catecholamines and cardiovascular system is able to return to its normal state.
Term
Gender
Definition
.CVD is the leading killer of both men and women
.3 times higher for men than women
.hear attacks happen ore in women
.At 65 women are more likely to die from heart attacks
Term
Women
Definition
due to high estrogen levels naturally pro due twenty percent more HDL- than men. After menopause estrogen levels decease causing a drop in HDL-C
. Estrogen supplementation after menopause can help maintain comes a high risk for cancer
Term
Cardiorespiratory endurance
Definition
Ability to extract oxygen from the air, which we breathe, and supply this oxygen to working muscles in order to sustain boy movement over an extended period of time
Term
Respiratory system
Definition
.means of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide via the luna
Term
Cardiovascular system
Definition
.pumps oxygen rich blood to the body's a I've tissues and returns waste products of normal metabolic function to be exchanged again in the lungs
Term
Cardiac output
Definition
amount of blood pumped out of the heart per minute
.the product of heart rate and stroke
Term
Heart Rate
Definition
the number of times the heart beats per minute
Term
Stoke Volume
Definition
The amount of blood pumped out of the hear each beat
Term
During exercise Cardiac output...
Definition
can be increased by speeding up the heart rate or by increasing the stoke volume
Term
Stoke volume increases....
Definition
along with the heart rate to about 40 percent of maximum heart rate
Term
Maximal Heart Rate
Definition
220-age
Term
Metabolism
Definition
process by which we break down and build up our bodies
Term
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Definition
energy molecule for metabolism
Term
Vo2 max
Definition
the body's ability to transport and use oxygen while removing CO2
Term
Maximal Oxygen Consumption represents
Definition
the physiological limit or full capacity of one's cardiorespiratory system for transporting and utilizing oxygen
Term
Benefits of Cardiorespiratiory endurance
Definition
1.Greater cardiac output
2.Longerity
3.Improved Maximum 02 Consumption
4. Lowered blood reassure
5. Reduced body fat content
6. Increased Metabolism
7. Increased HDL Cholesterol and lowered LDL Cholesterol levels
8. Less bone mineral loss
9.Curbing of appetite
Term
Aerobic Activity
Definition
elevating heart rate through physical activity (swimming , jogging)
.3-5 times per week
Term
Aerobic Activity Benefits
Definition
.increase in metabolism
.cardiac output
.working muscles become enlarged because increased amount of blood is flowing to them
Term
Mode should include
Definition
activity should involve large muscles of the body in a slow rhythmical fashion and preferable be weight bearing in nature
Term
Cross Training
Definition
fitness training in different sports or exercises used to ave a more complete workout and enhances overall performance
Term
Frequency
Definition
Maximum benefits can be attained by a frequency of five days per week without increasing risk of injury
Term
Intensity
Definition
.60-90%
.Improvement in Cardiorespiratory Endurance occurs when intensity is about equal to or greater than 50 percent of one's maximal aerobic capacity
Term
Perceived Exertion
Definition
if close to 19 than it's close to maximum heart rate
.subjective method used for measuring exercise intensity
Term
Duration
Definition
.training intensity should be between 20-60 minutes
.accumulation of 30 minutes of activity daily produces an adequate level of cardiorespiratory endurance
Term
Medical Clearance
Definition
.Use PAR-Q
Term
What happens during warm up
Definition
.blood is shunted away from internal organs and deliver to the muscles
.muscles are contracted and streched causing an increase in their metabolic activity, plus sensory input from joints are activated
Term
Cool-down
Definition
.slow things down gradually
.w/o a proper cool-down, blood tends to pool in the working muscles and slows your rate of recovery.
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