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| a landmass above water on the earth |
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| consists of the sun and nine know planets, as well as other celestial beings that orbit the sun |
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| the earth's center, made up of iron and nickel; the inner is solid, and the outer is liquid |
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| a rock layer about 1800 miles thick that is between the earth's crust and core |
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| molten rock material formed when solid rock in earth's mantle or crust melts |
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| the thin rock layer making up the earth's surface |
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| layers of gases immediately surrounding the earth |
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| solid rock portion of the earth's surface |
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| waters comprising the earth's surface, including oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, and vapor in the atmosphere |
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| all parts of the earth where plants and animals live, including the atmosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere |
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| hypothesis that all continents were once joined into a supercontinent that split apart over millions of years |
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| the continuous circulation of water among the atmosphere, the oceans, and the earth |
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| an area drained by a major river and its tributaries |
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| water held under the earth's surface, often in and around pores of rock |
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| level at which rock is saturated |
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| naturally formed feature on the earth's surface |
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| earth's surface from the edge of a continent to the deep part of the ocean |
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| difference in elevation of a landform from the lowest point to the highest point |
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| combined characteristics of landforms and their distribution in a region |
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| enormous moving shelf that forms the earth's crust |
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| fracture in the earth's crust |
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| a sometimes violent movement of the earth, produced when tectonic plates grind or slip past each other at a fault |
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| device that measures the size of waves created by an earthquake |
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| point on earth's surface that corresponds to the location in the earth where an earthquake begins |
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| a way to measure information collected by seismographs to determine the relative strength of an earthquake |
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| giant ocean wave, caused by an underwater earthquake or volcanic eruption, with great destructive power |
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| natural event, formed when magma, gases, and water from the lower part of the crust or mantle collect in underground chambers and eventually erupt and pour out of cracks in the earth's surface |
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| magma that has reached the earth's surface |
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| chain of volcanoes that lines the Pacific Rim |
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| physical and chemical processes that change the characteristics of rock on or near the earth's surface, occurring slowly over many years |
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| small pieces of rock produced by weathering processes |
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| natural process that break rock into smaller pieces |
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| process that changes rock into a new substance through interactions among elements in the air or water and minerals in the rock |
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| result of weathering on matter; created by action of wind, water, ice or gravity |
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| fan-like landform made of deposited sediment, left by a river that slows as it enters the ocean |
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| wind-blown silt and clay sediment that produces very fertile soil |
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| large, long-lasting mass of ice that moves because of gravity |
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| changing of landforms by slowly moving glaciers |
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| ridge or hill of rock carried and finally deposited by a glacier |
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