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| made of protons and neutrons collectively |
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| an atom identified ny the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus |
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| the difference between the mass of an atom and the sum of the masses of its protons, neutrons, and electrons |
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| the energy released when a nucleus is formed from nucleons |
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| nucleons exist in different energy levels, or shells, in the nucleus |
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| the numbers that represent completed nuclear energy levels, 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, 126 |
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| is the spontaneous disintegration of a nucleus into a slightly lighter nucleus, accompanied by emmison of particles, electromagnetic radiation, or both. |
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| particles or electromagnetic radiation emitted from the nucleus during radioactive decay |
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| an unstable nucleus that undergoes radioactive decay |
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| is two protons and two neutrons bound together and is emitted from the nucleus during some kinds of radioactive decay |
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| is an electron emitted from the nucleus during some kinds of radioactive decay |
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| is a particle that has the same mass as an electron, but has a positive charge and is emitted from the nucleus during some kinds of radioactive decay |
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| an inner orbital electron is captured by the nucleus of its own atom |
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| are high energy electromagnetic waves emitted from a nucleus as it changes from an excited state to a ground energy state. |
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| is the time required for half the atoms of a radioactive nuclide to decay |
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| is a series of radioactive nuclides produced by succesive radioactive decay until a stable nuclide is reached |
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| the heaviest nuclide of each decay series |
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| the nuclides produced by the decay of the parent nuclides |
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| Artificial Transmutations |
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| bombardment of nuclei with charged and uncharged particles |
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| are elements with more than 92 protons in their nuclei |
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| is a unit used to measure nuclear raditation exposure; it is equal to the amount of gamma and X ray radiation that produces 2 x 109 ion pairs when it passes trhough 1 cm3 of dry air. |
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| is a unit used to measure the dose of any type of ionizing radiation that factors in the effect that the radiation has on human tissue |
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| use exposure of film to measure the approximate radiation exposure of people working with radiation |
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| are instruments that detect radiation by counting electric pulses carried by gas ionized by radiation |
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| are instruments that convert scintillating light to an electric signal for detecing radiation |
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| is the proces sby which the approximate age of an object is determined based on the amount of certain radioactive nuclides present. |
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| are radioactiv atoms that are incorporated into substances so that movement of the substances can be followed by radiation detectors. |
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| energy released from fission and fussion |
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| is a reaction in which the material that starts the reaction is also one of the products and can start another reaction |
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| the minimum amount of nuclide that provdes the number of neutrons needed to sustain a chain reaction |
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| use controlled-fission chain reactions to produce energy and radioactive nuclides |
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| use energy as heat from nuclear reactors to produce electrical energy |
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| is radiation-absorbing material that is used to decrease exposure to radiation, especially gamma rays from nuclear reactors |
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| are neutron-absorbing rods that help control the reaction by limiting the number of free nuetrons |
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| is used to slow down the fast neutrons produced by fission |
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Definition
| low mass nuclei combine to form a heavier more stable nucleus |
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