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King of France during French Revolution.
Nice, but weak.
In debt, tried to tax nobles.
Tried to leave France.
Beheaded during the Terror. |
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Social classes in France during the Old Regime.
1st Clergy (10% of land, 1% population
2nd Nobles (10% of land, 2% of population)
3rd Common People: bourgeoisie, sans-culottes, urban lower class, peasants. |
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Middle class of France
Had wealth, lacked social status, opportunities, and political power.
Led the moderate stage of French Revolution. |
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Based on rumor that nobles were going to attack common people.
Peasants formed mobs and attacked nobles' homes
Combine with bread riots, led the king and queen to move to Paris. |
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| Liberty, Equality, Fraternity |
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| Slogan of the French Revolution. |
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Nobles who fled during peasant uprisings. Wanted to restore Old Regime.
Extreme right.
Invited back later by Napoleon. |
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Powerful city-council made up of representatives of each of Paris' 48 sections.
Important "left" radical force in French Revolution. |
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| Political philosophy of limited government and individual rights and freedoms in the early 1800's. |
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Idea that a person should be able to do whatever they want as long as it didn't hurt anybody else.
Also the ability to elect legislators.
The theory that all people should have the same opportunity in economic areas and the same treatment by the laws. |
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| Natural or Universal Rights |
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John Locke's idea that all people have the right to life, liberty, and property, because all men have the ability to reason.
Governments are set up to protect these rights. |
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| A government under which citizens with the right to vote choose their leaders. |
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| The idea that people should have the right to rule themselves. |
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| A 10th part of one's income, paid for the support of the church. |
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Tax levied by the British on to their American colonies to help pay the costs of the Seven Year's War
Reasonable tax, but because it was imposed without representation, it was rejected by the colonies. |
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Naval battle between Great Britain and a combined Spanish/French fleet. British, led by Lord Nelson, defeated by the French/Spanish fleet.
This made Napoleon drop his plan of an invasion of England. |
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The first ten amendments to the U.S. constitution.
Limited power of the government and reserved some power for individual people. |
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| People, usually wealthy and politically moderate, who remained loyal to Britain during the American revolution. |
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French nobleman and officer in the army of France sent to help the Americans in the American revolution.
Returned to France as supporter of liberalism.
Involved in early stages of French Revolution.
He saved the king and queen from an attack by the Mob
Later left the country |
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| Wrote the declaration of independence based on "natural rights." |
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Lawyer and member of the National Assembly. Leader of the Mountain.
Rose to become leader of Radical Stage of the revolution.
Later the Terror would turn and he's beheaded. |
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| English philosopher. His ideas of "natural rights" were very important to the revolution. His "contract theory" gave them an excuse to kill their rulers. |
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French writer. Began by writing What Is The Third Estate? in 1789.
This was a defense of the middle-class intellectuals and liberalism. He later changed his mind and in 1799 he suggested that a strong military leader was needed. |
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Medieval fortress that was used as a prison
Mob of Paris attacked it on July 14th of 1789 in order to free prisoners and capture the gunpowder inside.
Mob won, killing governor of prison, forced king to withdraw troops from Paris. This saved the National Assembly. |
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Laboring poor of Paris
Wore long pants, instead of knee breeches
Economic interest in the Revolution
Wanted work, bread, fair prices. They made up the mob. |
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Leader of the British fleet at the Battle of Traflagar.
Won battle but died
Nice statue to him in Traflagar Square in London |
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| English feminist writer. Wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Man, in which she called for education of women. |
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| Conservative English writer, wrote Reflections on the Revolution in France, in which he defended the privileges of the monarchy and aristocracy |
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Austrian-born princess who became queen of France. Married to Louis XVI. She was hated as a foreigner and a big-time spender.
Symbol of lack of consideration the nobility gave to the condition of the poor
Beheaded during the Terror |
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| Constitutional Convention of 1787 |
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| When delegates of the 13 states met in Philadelphia to write the Constitution and decided the role of the Federal government |
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The majority of the legislators of the Legislative Assembly. Young, rich, smart, middle class.
Were devoted to the liberal revolution and they were anti-aristocrats. They were in charge when the king was killed and began the radical stage of the revolution. |
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| The losing group of the National Convention. Were more moderate than mountain group. They were arrested and killed by the Mountain group at the beginning of the Terror. |
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| Stage of French Revolution in which 40,000 French men and women were put to death for political crimes. The purpose was to solidify France into one uniform republican country. Robespierre led it. |
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Group formed by the Third Estate to write a Constitution for France. Abolished French nobility, set up constitutional monarchy.
Nationalized church property and established national church.
Eventually disbanded and the new legislative branch was the Legislative Assembly. |
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| Declaration of the Rights of Women |
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Written in 1791 by Olymoe de Gouges. Called for equal rights for women, building on the 1789 "Right of Man" document.
Was guillotined in 1793 for opposing Robespierre.
Ideas were important in later women's suffrage movements. |
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| Army made up of Austria, Prussia, Britain, Spain, and Portugal, Mostly mercenaries. Fought against French. |
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Revolt against Robespierre and the Terror. Beginning of third stage of the Revolution: The Reaction.
During this time "radicals" were killed by the bourgeoisie. |
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Ruling group of third stage. Made up of 5 upper bourgeoisie leaders. Were moderates who wanted to restore order to France. Hired Napoleon Bonaparte to lead their armies.
Napoleon would overthrow them in a coup d'etat. |
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Corsican genera; who rose to greatness through the French army. Leader of the 4th stage of the revolution. He became emperor and ruled France from 1799 to 1815. Expanded French territory and dominated Europe until a coalition of other European nations defeated him and his army.
Final defeat: Waterloo |
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Anti-French group made up of Britain, Austria, and Russia. Defeated by Napoleon, forced to accept peace terms.
Peace of Amiens. |
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| An election in which all citizens vote yes or no on an issue. Napoleon used this method to prove support of his new constitution. Later used to make his consul and emperor with the approval of the French people. |
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| Agreement. Napoleon signed one with Pope Pius VII that gave Catholics favored position in France but did not restore the church's absolute power. |
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Set of laws that gave France one set of laws for the whole country.
-Abolished three estates
-Granted equal rights
-Censored newspapers
-Denied rights to women
-Allowed slavery in the French colonies on the Caribbean
Applied to everyone except Napoleon |
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1 Battle of Ulm: defeated Austria. Entered Vienna.
2 Battle of Austerlitz: Forced Austrian emperor to make peace.
3 Battle of Jena: French occupied Berlin
4 Battle of Friedland: Wiped out a large Russian army. Led to an agreement to divide Europe between France and Russia. |
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| Napoleon's Three Mistakes |
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1 Continental System: Blockade against Britain. Hurt France more than Britain.
2 Made his brother king of Spain: Led to costly wars known as the Peninsular War.
3 Invaded Russia: Lost his Grand Army to the Russian winter. |
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| Napoleon's army of 400,000 that he marched into Russia. Unprepared for the Russian Winter, only 10,000 came back in fighting condition. |
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Coalition formed after Grand Army Defeat.
Included: Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Sweden.
Defeated Napoleon and forced him into exile in Elba.
Had to defeat him again after his "hundred days" |
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Napoleon was sent to this small island off the Italian coast in 1814.
He would escape from here to march of Paris.
Would begin his last "hundred days" |
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| Napoleon's very last battle, after his escape from Elba. Napoleon lost and was sent to St. Helena, in the middle of the Atlantic. |
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The island to which Napoleon was exiled after Waterloo.
Located in middle of Atlantic.
He would die here (arsenic: wallpaper, or British guards?) |
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