Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the effort to sequence, interpret, & compare whole genomes |
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Definition
| answers questions about the functioning of the genome |
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Definition
| a genome is broken up into a set of overlapping fragments that are small enough to be sequenced completely |
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| 7 steps: shotgun sequencing a genome |
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Definition
1. break DNA at random locations into fragments of ~160 kb using sonication
2. clone using BACs
3. break into 1-kb fragments
4. clone using plasmids
5. sequence each fragment
6. assemble the sequence from all of the 1-kb fragments from each original 160-kb fragment by matching overlapping ends
7. assemble the sequence from all of the 160-kb fragments by matching overlapping ends |
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| reason for selection for whole-genome sequencing: bacteria & archaea from hot environments |
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Definition
| discovering enzymes useful for high-temperature industrial applications |
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| reason for selection for whole-genome sequencing: rice & maize/corn |
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Definition
| crop improvement applications |
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| reason for selection for whole-genome sequencing: platypus & African elephant |
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Definition
| reveal evolutionary relationships among mammals |
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Definition
| identifying which bases in a genome constitute genes |
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Definition
| DNA segments that are identified by looking for sequences typical of promoters, ribosome binding sites, or other regulatory sites |
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Definition
| the movement of DNA from one species to another |
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Term
| 2 ways laterally transferred genes are identified |
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Definition
1. a gene is much more similar to genes in distantly related species than to those in closely related species
2. the proportion of G-C base pairs to A-T base pairs in a particular gene or series of genes is markedly different from the base composition of the rest of the genome |
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Term
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Definition
| segments of DNA that are capable of being inserted into new locations in a genome |
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Term
| 2 major classes of tandem repetitive DNA sequences |
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Definition
1. repeating units that are just 2 to about 6 bases long
2. repeating units that are longer, from about 6 to 100 bases long |
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| microsatellites/short tandem repeats/STRs/simple sequence repeats |
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Definition
| repeating units that are between 2-6 bases long |
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| minisatellites/variable number tandem repeats/VNTRs |
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Definition
| repeating units that are between 2-100 bases long |
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Term
| 7 steps: how line transposable elements spread |
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Definition
1. a long interspersed nuclear element exists in the genome
2. RNA polymerase transcribes the LINE, producing LINE mRNA
3. LINE mRNA exits nucleus & is translated
4. LINE mRNA & proteins enter nucleus
5. reverse transcriptase makes LINE cDNA from mRNA, then makes cDNA double stranded
6. integrase cuts chromosomal DNA & inserts LINE cDNA
7. new copy of the LINE is integrated into a new position in genome |
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Definition
| any technique for identifying individuals based on the unique features of their genomes |
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| 3 steps: unequal crossover |
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Definition
1. homologs pair up
2. repeats misalign
3. new repeat numbers are created |
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Definition
| within a species, genes that are similar to each other in structure & function` |
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Definition
| when an extra copy of a gene is added to the genome |
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Definition
| a member of a gene family that resembles a working gene but does not code for a functional product because of a mutation |
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| 4 steps: using a DNA microarray |
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Definition
1. isolate mRNAs and use reverse transcriptase to prepare a single-stranded cDNA
2. label cDNA
3. hybridize a microarray
4. shine laser light on one spot at a time to induce fluorescence |
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Definition
| the complete set of DNA sequences that are transcribed in a particular cell |
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Definition
| the complete set of proteins that are produced in a particular cell |
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Definition
| the large-scale study of all the proteins in a cell or organism |
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Definition
| understanding how interactions between the individual parts of a biological system create new properties |
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Definition
| complex properties that arise from the interaction of simpler elements |
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