Term
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Definition
| an electrostatic attraction between the oxygen atom of one water molecule & the hydrogen of another |
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Term
| What is the bond dissociation energy of hydrogen bonds in liquid water? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| compounds that dissolve easily in water (most biomolecules are hydrophilic because they are generally charged or polar compounds) |
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Term
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Definition
| nonpolar molecules such as lipids & waxes; easily dissolved in nonpolar solvents (ex. chloroform & benzene) that are poor solvents of polar biomolecules |
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Term
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Definition
| crystalline compounds of nonpolar solutes & water |
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Term
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Definition
| compounds that contain regions that are polar & regions that are nonpolar |
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Term
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Definition
| stable structures of amphipathic compounds in water; contain hundreds or thousands of molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| the forces that hold the nonpolar regions of the molecules in micelles together |
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Term
| Are van der Waals interactions weak or strong attractions? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a measure of how close an atom will allow another to approach; each atom has a characteristic van der Waals radius |
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Term
| What is the product "i(c)"? |
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Definition
| the osmolarity of the solution; i = van't Hoff factor; c = the solute's molar concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| water movement across a semipermeable membrane driven by differences in osmotic pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| solutions of osmolarity equal to that of a cell's cytosol |
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Term
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Definition
| a solution with higher osmolarity than that of the cytosol; the cell shrinks as water moves out |
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Term
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Definition
| a solution with a lower osmolarity than the cytosol; the cell swells as water enters |
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Term
| equilibrium constant (Keq) |
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Definition
| the position of equilibrium of any chemical reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| when there are exactly equal concentrations of H+ & OH- in a solution (ex. in pure water) |
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Term
| What is the basis for the pH scale? |
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Definition
| the ion product of water (Kw) |
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Term
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Definition
| when the pH of the blood plasma is below the normal value of 7.4 (ex. in people with severe, uncontrolled diabetes) |
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Term
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Definition
| when the pH of the blood is higher than normal; occurs in certain diseases |
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Term
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Definition
| a proton donor & its corresponding proton acceptor |
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Term
| ionization constants (acid dissociation constants) |
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Definition
| equilibrium constants for ionization reactions |
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Term
| What is "pKa" analogous to? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a plot of pH against the amount of NaOH added; reveals the pKa of the weak acid |
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Term
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Definition
| aqueous systems that tend to resist changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base are added |
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Term
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Definition
| the concentration of a compound in the gas phase; denoted by a "p" in front of the compound |
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Term
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Definition
| the characteristic pH at which enzymes show maximal catalytic activity |
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Term
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Definition
| a reaction in which the elements of water are eliminated; ex) the formation of ATP from ADP & inorganic phosphate |
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Term
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Definition
| a reaction in which cleavage is accompanied by the addition of the elements of water; the reverse of a condensation reaction |
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Definition
| enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis reactions |
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