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Chapter 20 - Biotechnology
Midterm 3
22
Biology
Undergraduate 1
03/13/2013

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Term
Biotechnology
Definition
Manipulation of organisms or their genetic components to make useful products
Term
Recombinant DNA
Definition
Nucleotide sequences from two different sources, often two species, are combined in vitro into the same DNA molecule
Term
Genetic engineering
Definition
Direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes
Term
in vitro
Definition
Latin for “in glass;” it is a part of an organism, not as a whole.
Term
in vivo
Definition
Latin for “in life;” in whole living organisms
Term
in silico
Definition
Latin for “on a computer;” using software, data, etc.
Term
DNA cloning
Definition
making identical copies of a specific DNA sequence (usually genes)
Term
Plasmid
Definition
Small, circular DNA that can be uptaken from the environment
Term
Restriction enzymes
Definition
Cut DNA; it leaves an overhang aka sticky ends
Term
Restriction site
Definition
Nucleotide sequence where enzyme cuts
Term
Genomic library
Definition
Made using bacteria as the collection of recombinant vector clones produced by cloning DNA fragments from an entire genome.
Term
Gel electrophoresis
Definition
Uses a gel as a molecular sieve to separate nucleic acids or proteins by size, electrical charge, and other properties.
Term
Expression vector
Definition
A cloning vector that contains a highly active promoter.
Term
Gel Electrophoresis
Definition
Uses a gel as a molecular sieve to separate nucleic acids or proteins by size, electrical charge, and other properties.
Term
Polymorphisms
Definition
Variations in DNA sequence.
Term
RFLPs (restriction fragment length polymorphisms)
Definition
Sequence changes that alter restriction sites.
Term
Hybridization
Definition
when we are talking about molecular techniques, it is having a probe or primer bind to its reverse complementary sequence. So, it is basically just the annealing of a DNA probe. Letting the probe anneal to the appropriate sequence on the DNA or RNA.
Term
in vitro mutagenesis
Definition
Mutations are introduced into a cloned gene, altering or destroying its function. The mutated gene is returned to the cell, and the normal gene’s function might be determined by examining the phenotype.
Term
RNA interference (RNAi)
Definition
A way of silencing a gene. In this instance, synthetic double-stranded RNA molecules matching the sequence of a particular gene are used to break down or block the gene’s mRNA.
Term
Genome-wide association studies
Definition
Analyze genomes of a large number of people with a particular phenotype and look for genetic markers.
Term
Totipotent
Definition
A cell that can differentiate into any cell in the adult.
Term
Nuclear transportation
Definition
Nucleus from a donor cell is transported into an egg cell.
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