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Definition
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endocrine
nervous
urinary |
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Definition
| what 3 body systems participate in maintaing adequate blood pressure |
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Definition
| classified into three primary types based on function |
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Definition
| convey blood away from the heart |
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Definition
| are microscopic, relatively porous blood vessels for the exchange fo substances between blood and tissues |
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Definition
| drain blood from the capillaries, transporting it back to the heart |
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Definition
| vessell walls are composed of layers called |
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Term
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Definition
| the tunics surround the ___ or inside space of the vessel, through which blood flows. |
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Term
tunic intima
tunica media
tunica externa |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the innermost layer of the blood vessel wall, it is composed of a simple squamous epithelium that faces the blood vessel lumen and a thin subendothelial layer made up of areolar connective tissue, continuous with the endocardium |
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Definition
| the middle layer of the vessel wall, composed of mainly circularly arranged smooth muscle cells that are supported by elastic fibers |
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Definition
| contraction of smooth muscel in the tunica media results in ___, or narrowing of the blood vessel lumen |
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Definition
| relaxation of the smooth muscle causes ___, or widening of the blood vessel lumen. |
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Definition
| the outermost layer of the blood vessel wall, composed of areolar connective tissue that contains elastic and collagen fibers, helps anchor the vessel to other structures. |
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Definition
| very large blood vessels require their own blood supply to the tunica externa in the form of a network of small arteries callsed the ___. The __ extends through the tunica externa |
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Definition
| arteries and veins that supply the same body region and tend to lie next to one another are called___ |
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Definition
| compared, ___ have a thick tunica media, a narrower lumen, and more elastic and collagen fibers. This means that walls can spring back to shape and are more resilient and resistant to changed in blood pressure than there counterparts. |
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Definition
| compared,___ have a thicker tunica externa, a large lumen, and less elastic and collagen fibers than a companion artery. The wall is typically collapsed if no blood is in it. |
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Definition
| are unique in that they contain only the tunica intima composed of an endothelium and its underlying basement membrane; there is no subendothelial layer, rapid gas and nutrient exchange between the blood and the tissues |
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Term
elastic
muscular
arteriole |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the largest artery, they conduct blood from the heart to the smaller muscular arteries, closest to the heart, has the ability to stretch and recoil, includes all three layers of tunics, have a large proportion of elastic fibers |
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Definition
| anatomical name for contraction |
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Definition
| anatomical name for relaxation |
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Term
aorta
pulmonary trunk
brachiocephalic
common carotid
subclavian
common iliac nerves |
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Definition
| give 6 examples of elastic arteries |
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Term
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Definition
| medium sized arteries distribute blood to specific body regions and organs, have a proportionally thicker tunica media, with multiple layers of smooth muscle cells |
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Term
internal elastic lamina
external elastic lamina |
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Definition
| two circumscribed sheets within muscular arteries |
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Term
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Definition
| seperates the tunica intima from the tunica media in the muscular artery |
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Term
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Definition
| seperates the tunica media from the tunica externa within the muscular arteries |
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Term
the brachial
anterior tibial
coronary
inferior mesenteric |
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Definition
| 4 examples of muscular arteries |
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Term
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Definition
| the smallest artery with fewer than 6 layers of smooth muscles in their tunica media, smooth muscle is at least slighly constricted, have a significant role in regulating systemic blood pressure and blood flow to different areas of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| ____ this slightly constricted state is regulated by the ___ center in the brainstem |
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Definition
| a progressive disease of the elastic and muscular arteries |
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Term
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Definition
| atherosclerosis is characterized by the presence of an ___ which leads to the thickening of the tunica intima and narrowing of the arterial lumen |
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Term
| response-to-injury hypothesis |
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Definition
| this proposal states that injury to the endothelium of an arterial wall, especially repeated unjury caused by infection, trauma, or hypertension, results in an inflammatory reaction, eventually leading to the developement of an atheroma. |
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Term
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Definition
| as the monocytes migrate into the wall, they digest the lipids and develop into structures called ___ |
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Term
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Definition
| an increased amoun of cholesterol in the blood, which also tends to run in families, has been positively associated the the rate of development and severity of atherosclerosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| a physician inserts a balloon tip catheter into an artery, and positions it at the site where the lumen is narrowed. Then the balloon is inflated, forcibly expanding the narrowed area, and a stent is placed in the vessel. |
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Term
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Definition
| whereby part of the arterial wall thins and balloons out, this wall is more prone to rupture, which can cause massive bleeding and may lead to death. most commonly occur in the arteries at the base of the brain or in the aorta |
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Definition
| the smallest blood vessel, they connect arterioles to venules. |
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Term
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Definition
| the narrow diameter means erythrocyte must travel in a single file through each capillary |
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Term
continuous
fenestrated
sinusoids |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the most common type of capillary, the endothelial cells form a complete, continuous lining around the lumen that rests on a complete basement membrane, intercellular clefts between endothelial cells ; located in capillaries within muscles, skin, thymus, lungs, and CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| tight junctions secure endothelial cells to one another, however they do not form a complete seal, these gaps are called ___ |
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Term
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Definition
type of capillary composed of a complete, continuous lining of endothelial cells, and a complete basement membrane, also contain fenestrations, large amounts of materials that pass through the vessel wall are filtered, released, or absorbed; some smaller proteins
Located: small intestine; for absorbing nutrients
ciliary process; to produce aqueous humor in the eye
choroid plexus; to produce CSF in the brain
most endocrine gland; permit absorption of hormones into the blood
kidneys; for filtering blood
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Term
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Definition
type of capillary that has an imcomplete lining of the endothelial cells with large opening or gaps, and the basement memberane is either discontinuous or absent, materials that pass throught the vessel wall are large substances and plasma; located in
bone marrow; where formend elements enter the blood
liver and spleen; where old erythrocytes are phagocytized by macrophages and taken out of circulation
some endocrine glands; anterior pituitary, adrenal and parthyroid |
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Term
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Definition
| capillaries do not function independently, rather a group of capillaries function together and form a ___ |
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Definition
| a capillary bed is fed by a ___, which is a vessel branch of an arteriole |
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Definition
| the proximal part of a metarteriole is encircled by a scattered smooth muscle cells, while the distal part of the metarteriole called the, _____, has no smooth muscle cells |
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Term
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Definition
| the thoroughfare channel connects to a ___ which drains the capillary bed |
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Term
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Definition
| vessels called ___ branch from the metarteriole and make up the bulk of the capillary bed |
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Term
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Definition
| at the origin of each true capillary, a smooth muscle ring called the ___ controls blood flow into the true capillaries |
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Term
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Definition
| the precapillary sphincters go through cycles of contracting and relaxing at a rate of about 5 to 10 cycles per minute |
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Term
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Definition
| the specific amount of blood entering capillaries per unit time per gram of tissue is called ___ |
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Term
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Definition
| are the smallest veins, companion vessels with arterioles |
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Term
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Definition
| the smallest venules called ___ drain capillaries |
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Term
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Definition
| most veins contain numerous ___ so as to prevent blood form pooling in the limbs |
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Term
vein
veins
muscular
veins
elastic |
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Definition
| A venule becomes a ___ when its diameter is greater than 100 micrometers. small and medium sized ___ are companion vessels with _____ arteries, whereas the large ___ travel with ___ arteries. |
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Term
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Definition
| the relatively large amount of blood within veins allows veins to function as ___. blood may be shifted form venousreservoirs into circulation through vasoconstriction of veins, when more blood is needed with increased physical exertion, and shifted back into the venous reservoirs through vasodilation of veins, when less blood is needed at rest |
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Term
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Definition
in the ___, one major artery delivers blood to the organ or body region and then branches into smaller and smaller arteries to become arterioles. each arteriole feeds into a single capillary bed. a venule drains blood from the capillaries and merges with other venules to form one major vein that drains blood from the organ or body region. Thus the ____ includes one artery, capillary bed, and vein associated with an organ or body region
ex. blood transported from the spleen |
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Term
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Definition
| arteries that provide only one pathway through which blood can reach an organ is referred to as ___ |
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Term
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Definition
| the joining together of blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
includes the two or more arteries converging to supply the same body region.
ex. anastomoses among the superior and inferior epigastric arteries that serve the abdominal wall |
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Term
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Definition
| other vessels such as the coronary arteries, may have anastomoses that are so tiny that the function of the arteries may almost be considered end arteries; these arteries are called ___ |
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Term
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Definition
| includes two or more veins draining the same body region. veins tend to form many more anastomes than do arteries. veins that drain the upper limbs include the basilic, brachial, and cephalic veins. |
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Term
| arteriovenous anastomosis |
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Definition
| or shunt, transports blood from the artery directly into a vein, bypassing the capillary bed. these shunts are present in the fingers, toes, palms, and ears and they allow these areas to by bypassed if the body is becoming hypothermic |
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Term
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Definition
| blood flows through two capillary beds, with the two capillary beds separated by a portal vein |
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Term
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Definition
delivers blood to another organ first, before the blood is sent back to the heart. Thus the sequence is as follows: an artery, capillary bed, portal vein, capillary bed, and a vein.
ex. hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system that extends between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary |
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Term
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Definition
| from their relatively high concentration of blood into the interstitial fluid and then into the tissue cells, where the concentration of these materials is lower |
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Term
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Definition
occurs when the endothelial cells use pinocytosis to fuse fluid-filled vesicles with the plasma membrane and transport their contents either from the blood to the interstitual fluid or from the interstitial fluid into the blood
ex. certain hormones - insulin
fatty acids |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the movement of large amounts of fluids and their dissolved substances in one directions down a pressure gradient |
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Term
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Definition
a process that occurs on the arterial end of a capillary, is the movement of fluid by bulk flow out of the blood through the openings in the capillaries
ex. intercellular clefts, fenestrations |
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Term
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Definition
| the movement of fluid by bulk flow in the opposite direction, back into the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| what end of the blood hydrostatic pressure is greater than osmotic pressure. net pressure out, filtration |
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Term
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Definition
| osmotic pressure is greater than blood hydrostatic pressure. net pressure in. reabsorption |
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Term
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Definition
| the physical force exerted by a fluid on a structure. |
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Term
| blood hydrostatic pressure |
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Definition
| the force exerted per unit area by the blood as it presses against the vessel wall. promotes filtration out of the capillary |
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Term
| interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure |
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Definition
| the force of the interstitial fluid on the external surface of the blood vessel |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the pull fo water back into a tissue by the tissue's concentration of proteins |
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Term
| blood colloid osmotic pressure |
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Definition
| the force taht draws fluid back into the blood due to the proteins in blood, such as albumin, promotes reabsorption, also called oncotic pressure |
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Term
| interstitual fluid colloid osmotic pressure |
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Definition
| relatively low because few proteins are present in the interstitual fluid |
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Term
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Definition
the difference between the net hydrostatic pressure and the net colloid osmotic pressure
NFP = Net Hp - Net Cop |
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Term
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Definition
| responsible for picking up this excess fluid and returning it to the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| the blood delivered locally to the capillaries of a specific tissue since there is not enough blood in the body to fill all capillaries at the same time, blood must therefore be directed to organs and tissues where it is most needed and away from the areas it is not needed |
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Term
| degree of vascularization |
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Definition
the extent of blood vessel distribution within a tissue, determines the potential ability of blood delivery
ex. skeletal muscle, the brain, the heart, and the liver are highly vascularized |
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Term
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Definition
the formation of new blood vessels in tissues that require them. this process helps provide adequate perfusion throughlong term anatomic changes that occur over several weeks to months
ex. stimulated in skeletal muscle in responce to aerobic training |
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Term
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Definition
or return to previous state, of vessels is also possible
ex. some skeletal muscle blood vessels regress when an individual who was physically active becomes sedentary |
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Term
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Definition
| the stimulus is changing concentrations of certain chemicals |
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Term
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Definition
substances that both dialate arterioles and relax precapillary sphincters, so ther is increased blood flow into a capillary bed
decreased oxygen and nutrient levels
histamine
bradykinin
nitric oxide |
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Term
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Definition
substance that both constrict arterioles and cause contraction of precapillary sphincters to decrease blood flow into a capillary bed
increased oxygen and nutrient levels
endothelins
prostaglandins
thromboxanes |
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Term
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Definition
| is the process by which a tissue itself regulates or controls its local blood flow in response to its changing metabolic needs |
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Term
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Definition
when the local blood flow is restored, there is a marked increase in blood flow to the affected tissue
ex. when you enter a warm room after being outside in the cold, and your cheeks turn bright red |
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Term
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Definition
| when vasoactive chemicals are released from damaged tissue, leukocytes, and platelets in response to tissue damage or as part of the body's defense |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ and ___ are released in response to a trauma, allergic reaction, infection, or even exercise. |
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Term
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Definition
| a very powerful but short lived vasodilator |
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Term
prostaglandins
thromboxanes |
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Definition
| other vasoactive substances such as ___ and ___ can cause vasoconstriction |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of blood transported throughout the entire vasculature in a given period of time. total blood flow equals cardiac output |
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Term
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Definition
| the force per unit area that blood exerts against the inside wall of a vessel |
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Term
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Definition
| the change in blood pressure from one end of a blood vessel to its other end, highest in the arteries and lowest in the veins |
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Term
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Definition
| the highest blood pressure generated in arteries is during ventricular systole when the artery is is maximally stretched |
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Term
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Definition
| the lowest pressure is duing the ventricular diastole when the artery recoild no further |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the rythmic throbbing of an arterial wall as blood is being pumped through it. |
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Term
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Definition
| the additional pressure placed on the arteries from when the heart is resting to when the heart is contracting |
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Term
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Definition
| excess interstitual fluid in the brain |
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Term
| mean arterial pressure MAP |
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Definition
| the average measure of the blood pressure forces on the arteries |
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Term
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Definition
| by the time the blood reaches the ___, fluctuations between systolic and diastolic blood pressure dissappear, so the pulse pressure dissapppears. blood flow is smooth and even as it enters the ___ |
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Term
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Definition
| the movement of blood from the capillaries back to the heart via the veins is called |
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Term
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Definition
| assists venous return with the movement of blood primarily within the limbs. as skeletal muscles contract, veins are squeezed to help propel the blood toward the heart, and valves prevent blood backflow. when skeletal muscle is more active for example when a person is walking, blood is pumped more quickly and efficiently toward the heart by ____. conversely, extended inactivity leads to blood pooling in the leg veins, which increases an individual's risk for develepment of deep vein thrombosis |
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Term
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Definition
| pump that assist the movement of blood within the thoracic cavity. |
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Term
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Definition
| increased blood flow into thoracic veins , decreased intrathoracic pressure, diaphragm contracts, blood moves superiorly, increased intra-abdominal pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| increases blood flow into heart and abdominal veins, increased intrathoracic pressure, diapragm relaxes, decreased intra-abdominal pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to a blood clot in a vein |
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Term
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Definition
| the most serious complication of dvt is a ___, in which a blood clot breaks free and travels to the lung, eventually locking a branch of the pulomonary artery and potentially causing respiratory failure and death |
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Term
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Definition
| veins are dilated and tortuous having many curves or twists |
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Term
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Definition
| any state in which there is insufficient blod flow for adequate perfusion of the body's tissues, typically due to impaired pumping of the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| is defined as the amount of friction the blood experiences as ti travels through the blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| typically used when discussing the resistance of blood in the blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the resistance of a fluid to its flow. more generally, it is the "thickness" of a fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| the difference in flow rate within a blood vessel is called |
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Term
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Definition
| an increase in cardiac output causes a steeper or increase in ___, less resistance which is caused by vasodilation, reduction in vessel length or decrease in blood viscosity |
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Term
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Definition
| a decrease in cardiac output causes a smaller or less steep ___, greater resistance which is caused by vasoconstriction increase in vessel length or increas in blood viscosity |
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