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Definition
| A heritable change in the genetics of a population |
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| All the individuals of a single species that live together in the same place at the same time |
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| Differences in sppearance or function that are passed from generation to generation |
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| Variation that is measured on a continuum rather than in discrete units or categories i.e. height |
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| Variation that exists in two or more discrete states, with intermediate forms often being absent i.e. either blue or white feathers in geese |
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| The existence of discrete variants of a character |
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| Frequency of Polymorphisms |
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Definition
| # showing trait / total population |
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Definition
| The sum of all gene copies at all gene loci in all individuals of a population |
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| the percentages of individuals possessing each genotype |
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| the relative abundances of different alleles |
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| Predict what would happen if a particular factor had no effect. Serve as theoretical reference points against which observations can be evaluated |
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Definition
| Specifies the conditions under which a population of diploid organisms achieves genetic equilibrium |
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Definition
| The point at which neither allele frequencies nor genotype frequencies change in succeeding generations. |
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| Hardy-Weinberg Assumptions |
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Definition
- No mutations
- Population is closed to migration from other pops
- The population is infinite in size
- All genotypes survive and reproduce equally well
- Random mating between individuals
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Term
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Definition
| A spontaneous and heritable change in DNA. |
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Definition
| Alter and individual's structure, function or behavior in harmful ways. |
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Definition
| Can cause great harm to organisms carrying them. If it is dominant both homozygous and heterozygous carrier will die from its effects, if its recessive, it kills only homozygous recessive individuals. |
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Definition
| Neither harmful nor helpful. |
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Definition
| Organisms or their gametes move from one pop to another and reproduce in the other pop may introduce novel alleles into a pop, shifting the allele and genotype frequencies predicted by hardy-weinberg. |
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Definition
| Chance events that cause the allele frequencies in a population to change unpredictably. Has espicially dramatic effects on small pops |
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Definition
| Dramatic reduction in population size. One type of genetic drift |
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Definition
| When a few individuals colonize a distant locality and start a new pop, carrying only a small sample of pthe parent pops genetic variation. Usually occurs after a population bottleneck |
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Definition
| heritable traits enable some individuals to survive better and reproduce mor than others. Process by which such traits become more common in subsequent generations |
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Definition
| The number of surviving offspring that an individual produces compared with the number left by others in the population. |
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Definition
| Happens when individuals near one end of the phenotypic spectrum have the highest relative fitness levels |
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Definition
| When individuals expressing the intermediate phenotypes have the highest relative fitness |
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Definition
| When extreme phenotypes have higher relative fitness than intermediate phenotypes. |
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Term
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Definition
| As a result of intersexual selection (selection based on the interactions btwn males and females) males produce these otherwise usleless structures simply because females find them irrestibly attractive. Under intrasexual selection (selection based on interactions btwn members of the same sex) males use their large body size, antlers or tusks to intimidate, injure or kill rival males |
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Term
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Definition
| Differences in size or appearance of males and females. caused by sexual selection |
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Term
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Definition
| Nonrandom mating in which genetically related individuals mate with each other. |
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Definition
| Two or more phenotypes are maintained in fairly stabel proportions over many generations |
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Definition
| When heterozygotes for a particual locus have higher relative fitness than either homozygote |
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Term
| Frequency-Dependent Selection |
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Definition
| The selective advantage enjoyed by a particular phenotype depends on its frequency in the population. Ex: Genetic variability is maintained in a population simply because rare phenotypes have higher relative fitness than more common phenotypes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any product of natural selection that increases the relative fitness of an orgaism in its environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| The accumulation of adaptive traits over time. |
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