Term
What does the portal vein do?
A. Transports blood to the lungs
B. Transports blood to the liver
C. Transports blood to the legs
D. Transports blood to the brain. |
|
Definition
| Transports blood to the liver |
|
|
Term
An increase in hepatic pressure throught the portal vein can cause leaking of blood in the esophagus. This is called;
A. esophagogastric erosion
B.esophagogastric varices
C. Cholecystitis
D. Gastroenteritis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Because you suspect this patient has an upper GI bleeding, which sign would you NOT,expect to see.
A. Hematemesis
B. Melena
C. Hematochezia
D. Bright red stools |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Because this patient may be bleeding from a ruptured esophagogastric varices,what is the most important step in management of his airway?
A. suction
B. Oxygen via a nonrbreathing mask
C. Insertion of a dual-lumen airway device
D. Endotrachael intubation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A sharp pain on inspiration when pressure is applied to the right upper quadrant is called?
A. Biot sign
B. Hematemesis
C. Beck Sign
D. Murphy sign |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Autodigestion of the pancreas result in;
A. Mallory-Weiss syndrome
B. Pancreatitis
C. autoimmune disorder
D. diabetes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
most of the digestive process occurs in the
A.)liver
B.)pancreas
C.)jejunum
D.)small intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
common signs and symptoms of acute gastroenteritis includes all of the following EXCEPT;
A.)fever
B.)chest pain
C.)severe diarrhea
D.)abdominal pain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bile is stored in the _________ and is released into the __________, where it helps to _______. |
|
Definition
| gallbladder, duodenum, emulsify fats |
|
|
Term
| The exocrine function of the pancreas produces: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pain over the suprapubic region is MOST suggestive of injury to the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypotension during an episode of dehydration indicates that the body is: |
|
Definition
| compensating by releasing epinephrine and norepinephrine from the sympathetic nervous system. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following conditions would be the LEAST likely to result in peritonitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In contrast to a patient with peritonitis, a patient with hepatitis would MOST likely initially experience: |
|
Definition
| right upper quadrant pain |
|
|
Term
| The MOST likely cause of Crohn disease is: |
|
Definition
| autoantibody destruction of the intestinal wall. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following statements regarding Grey Turner sign is correct? |
|
Definition
| Grey Turner sign is characterized by flank bruising and indicates retroperitoneal hemorrhage |
|
|
Term
| Intestinal adhesions would MOST likely result in: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hepatic encephalopathy is a condition in which: |
|
Definition
| liver disease causes reduced brain function. |
|
|
Term
| You are caring for a middle-aged man with severe abdominal pain and dark, tarry stools. He is conscious but very restless. His blood pressure is 78/52 mm Hg, pulse rate is 130 beats/min and weak, and respirations are 24 breaths/min and shallow. Further assessment reveals that his skin is cool and clammy and his radial pulses are weakly present. You should: |
|
Definition
| administer high-flow oxygen, start two large-bore IV lines, and administer 20-mL/kg normal saline boluses until his radial pulses strengthen. |
|
|
Term
| A 52-year-old man complains of vomiting and diarrhea for the past day. He is conscious and alert, has a blood pressure of 130/70 mm Hg, has a heart rate of 120 beats/min and strong, and has respirations of 20 breaths/min and regular. His past medical history is significant for anemia and congestive heart failure. Prior to administering isotonic crystalloid solutions to this patient, it is MOST important to: |
|
Definition
| auscultate his lung sounds |
|
|
Term
| You are dispatched to a residence for a 33-year-old woman with excruciating pain to the right lower quadrant of her abdomen. She is conscious and alert and tells you that she has been experiencing pain to the same area for the past few days. Her blood pressure is 110/66 mm Hg, pulse rate is 118 beats/min and strong, and respirations are 22 breaths/min with adequate depth. Her skin is warm and moist. The MOST appropriate treatment for this patient involves: |
|
Definition
| oxygen via nonrebreathing mask, an IV of isotonic crystalloid set to keep the vein open, morphine or fentanyl, and prompt transport |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following statements regarding the renal system is correct? |
|
Definition
| The kidneys are located in the retroperitoneal space. |
|
|
Term
| After the cells lining the proximal convoluted tubule remove all organic nutrients, plasma proteins, and ions from the filtrate, additional reabsorption of water and electrolytes occurs in the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aldosterone produces all of the following physiologic effects, EXCEPT: |
|
Definition
| retention of potassium ions in the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produces the urge to void. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following abdominal segments is anterior and is the most inferior? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A young woman presents with left-sided flank pain, dysuria, and fever. She tells you that she has been experiencing pain and difficulty with urination for the past week, but did not see her physician. She called 9-1-1 when the flank pain and fever began. You should suspect: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| You are caring for a young woman with constant, diffuse abdominal pain, referred pain to both shoulders, and vaginal bleeding. She states that her last menstrual period was 2 months ago, but she adamantly denies being pregnant. Her blood pressure is 86/50 mm Hg, pulse rate is 120 beats/min and weak, and respirations are 24 breaths/min and regular. Which of the following interventions is NOT appropriate for this patient? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| You are dispatched to a residence for a 34-year-old woman who is "sick." Upon your arrival, the patient greets you at the door. She tells you that she began experiencing a dull aching pain in the left lower quadrant of her abdomen. She further states that she recently had her menstrual period, which was accompanied by more pain than usual. Her vital signs are stable, she is conscious and alert, and she denies vaginal bleeding or fever. This patient MOST likely has: |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| A 38-year-old man presents with an acute onset of severe right upper quadrant abdominal pain, pain to his right shoulder, and nausea. He is conscious and alert, but is restless from the pain. His blood pressure is 150/86 mm Hg, pulse rate is 120 beats/min and strong, and respirations are 22 breaths/min and regular. In addition to administering supplemental oxygen, you should: |
|
Definition
| start an IV with normal saline and set it to keep the vein open, place him in a position of comfort, and administer 4 mg of morphine and 12.5 mg of promethazine. |
|
|
Term
| The MOST important therapy the paramedic can administer to a patient with an isolated renal calculus is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the gallbladder without the presence of gallstones. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| light, clay-co lored stools indicative of liver failure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A condition of sudden onset of pain within the
abdomen, usually indicating peritonitis; demands immediate
medical or surgical treatment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A family of conditions that revolve around a central theme of infection with fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea,
nausea, and vomiting. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Linear tears to the mucosal lining in and near the
anus, possibly caused by the passage of large, hard stools; a cause of lower GI bleeding. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Abdominal edema typically signaling liver failure . |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A group of disorders that involve inflammation
of the gallbladder; these include choleangitis, cholelithiasis,
cholecystitis, and acalculus cholecystitis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A bowel sound characterized by increased activity
within the bowel; also called hyperperistalsis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sphincter that serves as a door way connecting the esophagus and the stomach; controls the amount of food
that moves up the esophagus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the bile duct. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The presence of stones within the gallbladder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the gallbladder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Early failure of the liver; characterized by portal hypertension,
coagulation deficiencies, and diminished detox ification. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The term given to the slurry of food that has been partially
digested, then exits the stomach and enters the duodenum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inflammation of the ileum and possibly other portions
of the GI tract, in which the immune system attacks portions
of the intestinal walls, causing them to become scarred,
narrowed, stiff, and weakened. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inflammation of pouches in the colon; these pouches
form as a result of difficulty moving feces through the colon.
Once the pouches are formed, bacteria can become trapped in
the pouch, leading to inflammation and infection. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A weak area in the colon that begins to have small
outcroppings that turn into pouches; plural is diverticula. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Severe abdominal pain in the right lower quadrant with coughing; a method for evaluating a patient for peritonitis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Insertion of a flexible fiberoptic tube into the esophagus
to visualize, remove, or repair damaged or diseased tissue. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The region of the abdomen directly inferior to the
xyphoid process and superior to the umbilicus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Dilated blood vessels of the esophagus,
commonly caused by difficulty in blood flow through the liver;
the presence of these can lead to vessel rupture. feculent Smelling of feces. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An abnormal connection between two cavities. |
|
|
Term
| gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) |
|
Definition
A condition in which
the sphincter between the esophagus and the stomach opens,
allowing stomach acid to move superiorly; can cause a burning
sensation within the chest (heartburn); also called acid reflux
disease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A congenital malformation in which an embryo develops improperly and a portion of the GI tract develops
outside of the abdominal wall instead of inside. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Vomit with blood; can either look like coffee grounds,indicating the presence of partially digested blood, or contain
bright-red blood, indicating active bleeding. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The passage of stool in which bright red blood can be distinguished; caused by lower GI bleeding. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Impairment of brain function resulting
from failure of the liver. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inflammation of the liver, usually caused by a virus, that
causes fever, loss of appetite, jaundice, fatigue, and altered liver
function. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The protrusion of a loop of an organ or tissue through an abnormal body opening. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A bowel sound characterized by increased activity within the bowel; also called borborygmi. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Yellowish coloration of the conjunctiva (the whites of the
eyes) caused by the buildup of bilirubin in the blood during
liver failure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of hernia in which an organ is trapped in the new location; most commonly obstructs the bowel. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of hernia in which intestinal contents herniate through an incision, for example after abdominal surgery. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Telescoping of the intestines into themselves. |
|
|
Term
| irritable bowel syndrome (mS) |
|
Definition
A condition in which patients have abdominal pain and changes in their bowel habits;generally the pain must be present for at least 3 days a month
for at least 3 months to be considered this disease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A condition in which the junction
between the esophagus and the stomach tears, causing severe bleeding and, potentially, death. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Incorrect rotation of the intestines, for example as a result of a congenital anomaly such as gastroschisis; can result
in intestinal obstruction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dark, tarry, malodorous stools caused by upper GI bleeding. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An interruption of the blood supply to the mesentery. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pressure applied to the right upper quadrant of the abdomen to help detect gallbladder problems. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inflammation of the pancreas.
parietal pain Pain caused by inflammation of the parietal
peritoneum that is generally desClibed as steady, aching, and
aggravated by movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
disease (PUD) A disease in which the mucous lining
of the stomach and duodenum have been eroded, allowing the
acid to eat into these organs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| RhythmiC contraction of the intestines and esophagus that allows material to move through them. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the peritoneum, the protective membrane that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increased pressure in the portal veins; caused by the inability of blood to normally flow through the liver; can lead to rupture of these vessels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A large vessel created by the intersection of blood
vessels from the GI system. The portal vein drains into
the liver. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term used to describe an abdomen with a convex, or distended, shape; can be caused by edema. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stenosis Hypertrophy (enlargement) of the pyloric sphincter of the stomach; ultimately leads to intestinal obstruction,often in infants. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pain that the patient feels when pressure is released as opposed to when pressure is applied; characteristic of appendicitis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An infection involving a collection of pus in the rectal walls that results from blockage of the rectal mucus ducts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A concave shape of the abdomen; can be caused by evisceration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A bowel movement that is the consistency of soft-serve ice cream; can range in color from tan to dark brown. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Localized pain, usually felt deeply, which represents irritation or injury to tissue, causing activation of peripheral
nerve tracts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Foamy, fatty stools associated with liver failure or gallbladder problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Complete obstruction of blood circulation in a given organ as a result of compression or entrapment; an emergency situation causing death of tissue. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vertical stretch marks that occur when a person loses or gains weight rapidly. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A loud, high-pitched sound, similar to the sound of a drum, heard on percussion of a hollow space eeg, the empty
stomach or a puffed out cheek). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Generalized inflammation of the colon that results in a weakened, dilated rectum, making it prone to infection and bleeding. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Crampy, aching pain deep within the body, the source of which is usually difficult to pinpoint; common with urologiC problems.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Twisting of the bowel until a kink occurs; results in blocked flow. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the woman with abdominal pain, the most important things to look for are signs of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A useful mnemonic for assessing a woman with abdominal pain is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A patient with pancreatitis would MOST likely present with pain that: |
|
Definition
| goes straight through to the back in the midline of the lower thoracic area. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following statements regarding postrenal acute renal failure (ARF) is correct? |
|
Definition
| Postrenal ARF is caused by obstruction of urine flow from the kidneys. |
|
|
Term
| What substance(s) does the stomach absorb rather than digest? |
|
Definition
| Water, Alcohol, Fat-soluble materials |
|
|
Term
| The entire digestive process can take from ____ to ____ hours. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the primary role of the large intestine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three major pathologic conditions responsible for diseases of the GI tract? |
|
Definition
| Hypovolemia, infection, and inflammation |
|
|
Term
| During a dehydration episode, if a person becomes __________, it means he or she can no longer pull fluid from the interstitial space and cellular area. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Potentially damaging events in the GI tract include: |
|
Definition
| chemical destruction,dilation of the blood vessels,erosion of the mucosal layers. |
|
|
Term
| Diarrhea or hemorrhage can cause an absolute loss of fluid volume, leading to: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the body is trying to defend itself against infection, the patient will be: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hepatitis A and E are typically transmitted via: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The primary cause of portal hypertension is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the junction between the stomach and the esophagus tears, severe bleeding can result, called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Causes of esophageal bleeding include all of the following EXCEPT: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which may be present in patients suffering cholecystitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Crohn disease affects the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What strains of hepatitis are now known? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bowel obstruction is typically caused by: |
|
Definition
| paralysis of the intestines.,change in the diameter of the lumen. |
|
|
