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Chapter 20 Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging
Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Dr. T, EU
80
Biology
Undergraduate 4
11/15/2011

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Term

Angiocardiography 

(cardiac catheterization)

Definition

A specialized diagnostic procedure in which a catheter (a hollow flexible tube) is introduced into a large vein or artery, usually of an arm or a leg, and then threaded through the circulatory system to the heart. 

 

Used to obtain information about the structure and function of the heart chambers, valves, and great vessels. 

Pressurs within the chambers ofhte heart can be measured, as can oxygen concentration, saturation, and tension. 

Immediately after the injection of the contrast medium, a series of X-ray films allowing visualization of th heart is taken. 

 

Types: right sided, left-sided, and selectie coronary artery angiocardiography. 

Term
Angiography
Definition
A series of X-ray films allowing visualizaiton of internal structures after the introduction of a radiopaque substance. 
Term
Cerebral Angiography
Definition

The injection of a radiopaque contrast medium into an arterial blood vessle (carotide, femoral, or branchial) to make visualizaiton of the cerebral vascular system via X-ray possible. 

 

Shows if there are cerebral ciruclaiton abnormalizes such as occlusions or aneurysms, vascular and nonvascular tumros as well as hematomas and abscesses. 

Term
Renal Angiography
Definition
X-ray visualization of the internal anatomy of the renal blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium. 
Term
Arteriography
Definition
is X-ray visualizaiton of arteries following the introduction of a radiopaque contrast medium into the blood stream through a specific vesle by way of a catheter. 
Term
Arthrography
Definition
is the process of taking X-rays of the inside of a joint after a contrast medium has been injected into the joint
Term

Barium Enema (BE)

(lower GI series)

Definition

Infusion of a radiopaque constrat medium, barium sulfate, into the rectum. The contrast medium is retained in the lower intestinal tract while X-ray films are obtained of the lower GI tract. 

 

For the most definitive results, the colon should be empty of fecal material. 

Term

Barium Swallow

(upper GI tract)

Definition

Oral administration of radiopaque constrast medium, barium sulfate, which flows into the esophagus as the person swallows. 

(views esophagus, stomach, duodenum)

Term
Bronchography
Definition
is a bronchial examination via X-ray following the coating of the bronchi with a radiopaque substance. 
Term

Cholangiography

(intravenous)

(IVC)

Definition
Visualizing and outlining of the major bile ducts following an intravenous injection of a contrast medium. 
Term

Cholangiography

(percutaneous transhepatic)

(PTC, PTHC)

Definition

An examination of the bile duct structure, using a needle to pass directly into an intrahepatic bile duct to inject a contrast medium. 

 

Special procedures and care are required before, during, and after this procedure. 

Term

Cholangiopancreatography

(endoscopic retrograde)

(ERCP)

Definition

A procedure that examines the size and filling of the pancreatic and biliary ducts through direct radiographic visualization with a fiberoptic endoscope. 

 

During this procedure, a fiberoptic scope passes through the patient's esophagus and stomach into the duodenum. 

The ampulla of Vater (a comon passageway that connect the comon bile duct and the pancreatic duct to the duodenum) is located. 

Term

Cholecystography 

(oral)

Definition

Visualization of the gallbladder through X-ray following the oral ingestion of pills containing a radiopaque iodinated dye. 

 

Not as accurate as the gallbladder ultrasound

Term
Cineradiography
Definition
is a diagnostic technique combining the techniques of fluoroscopy, radiography, and cinematography by filming the images that develop on a fluorescent screen with a movie camera. 
Term

Computed Axial Tomography 

(CT, CAT)

(CT scan)

Definition

A painless, noninvasive diagnostic X-ray procedure using ionization radiation that produces a cross-sextional image of the body;

also called computed tomography

 

is an analysis of a two-dimensional view of the tissue being evaluated as obtained from X-ray beams passing through successive horizontal layers of tissue. 

 

CT of the abdomen, brain and lymphoid tissue 

 

 

Term
Voiding Cystourethrography
Definition
X-ray visualization of the bladder and urethra during the voiding process, after the bladder has been filled with a contrast material. The record produced is known as a cystourethrogram. 
Term

Digital Subtraction Angiography 

(DSA)

Definition

X-ray images of blood vessels only, appearing without any background due to the use of a computerized digital video subtraction process. 

 

The person undergoing this procedure will need to be well hydrated and consume no solid food for two hours prior. 

 

Candidates for a DSA:

Transient ishemic attacks (TIAs)

Intracranial tumors

Serial follow-up for individuals with known stenoses in teh carotid artery

Postoperative aneurysm

Term
Echocardiography
Definition

is a diagnostic precedure for studying the strcture and motion of the heart. It is useful in evaluating structural and functional changes in a variety of heart disorders. 

 

Ultrasound waves pass through the heart via a transducer, bounce off tissues of varying densities and are reflexted backward to the transducer, creating an image on the graph. 

 

 

Term
Fluoroscopy
Definition
A radiological technique used to examine the function of an organ or a body part by using a fluoroscope. 
Term
Hysterosalpingography
Definition

is an X-ray of the uterus and the fallopian tubes by injecting a contrast material into these structures. 

 

The contrast medium is inected through a cannula inserted into the cervix. 

Term
Lymphangiography
Definition
An X-ray assessment of the lymphatic system following injection of a contrast medium into the lymph vessels in the hand or foot. 
Term

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

(MRI)

Definition

A noninvasive scanning procedure that provides visualization of fluid, soft tissue, and bony structures by using electromagnetic energy. 

 

Medical imaging that uses radio frequency signals as its source of energy. 

Term
Mammography
Definition

The process of taking X-rays of the soft tissue of the breast to detect various benign and/or malignant growth before they can be felt. 

 

First mammogram is recommended between 35 and 39

Term
Myelography
Definition

Introduction of contrast medium into the lumbar subarachnoid space through a lumbar puncture to visualize the spinal cord and vertebral canal through X-ray examination. 

 

Is accomplished on a tilt table to visualize the spinal cord in various positions. 

Aids in the diagnosis of adhesions and tumors and of intervertebral disc abnormalities. 

 

Term

Positron Emission Tomography

(PET)

Definition

PET scan is a noninvasive diagnostic imaging method that demonstrates the biological function of the body before anatomical changes take place. The scan produces computerized radiographic images of the body structures when radioactive substances (positrons) are administered to the patient

 

A computerized radiographic technique that emplys radioactive substances to examine the metabolic activity of various body structures. 

Term

Pyelography 

(Intravenous) 

IVP

Definition

Also known as intravenous pyelogram or excretory urogram, this radiographic procedure provides visualization of the entire urinary tract; that is, the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. 

 

A contrast dye is injected intravenously and multiple X-ray films are taken as the medium is cleared from the blood by the glomerular filtration of the kidney. 

Term
Radiation Therapy
Definition

The delivery of ionizing radiation to accomplish one or more of the following: 

Destruction of tumor cells

Reduction of tumor size 

Decrease in pain

Relief of obstruction

To slow or stop the spread of cancer cells. 

 

Will destory rapidly multiplying cells. 

Types: external and internal 

 

The treatment of neoplastic disease by using X-rays or gamma rays, usually from a cobalt source, to deter the growth of malignant cells by decreasing the rate of cell division or impairing DNA synthesis. 

Also called radiotherapy 

Term
Radioactive Iodine Uptake
Definition

is an examination that determins the position, size, shape and physiological function of the thyroid gland through the use of radionuclear scanning. 

 

Useful in diagnosing:

Neck or substernal masses

Thuroid nodules (thyroid cancers are typically cold)

Cause of hyperthroidism

Evaluating metastic turmos with an unknown primary site. 

Term
Scanning (bone, brain, liver, lungs) 
Definition

is the process of recording the emission of radioactive waves using a gamma camera (scanner) after an intravenous injection of a radionuclide material into the particular part of the body being studied. 

Bone scan: a bone can invovles the intravenous injection of a radionuclide materal absorbed by bone tissue. (the degree of uptake of the radionuclide is directly related to the metabolism of the bone) 

Brain scan: Nuclear scanning of cranial content two hours after an intravenous injection of radioisotopes. 

Liver scan: A noninvasive scanning technique that enables the visualization of the shape, size, and consistency of the liver after the IV injection of a radioactive compound. (taken up by liver's Kupffer cells)

Lung scan: The visual imagining of the distribution of ventilation or blood flow in the lungs by scanning the lungs after th epatient has been injected with or has inhaled radioactive material. 

Spleen scan: a noninvasive scanning technique that enables teh visualization of the shape, size and consistency of the spleen after the IV injection of radioactive red blood cells. 

Term

Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography

(SPECT)

Definition

SPECT is a nuclear imaging procedure that shows how blood flows to tissues and organs. 

 

It uses computed tomography and a radioactive material that can be detected by a gamma camera. 

 

The radiopharmaceutical substance is injected into the patient before the SPECT scan. The gamma camera rotates around the patient's body, and the image is transmitted from the camera to a computer screen for interpretation. 

 

A variation of computerized tomography (CT) scanning in which gamma camera deterctors rotate around the patient's body, collecting data. The data summarized into a three-dimensional representation. 

Term
Small Bowel Follow-Through
Definition
Oral administration of a radiopaque contrast medium, barium sulfate, which flows through the GI system. X-ray films are obtained at timed intervals to observe the progression of the barium through the small intestine. 
Term
Tomography
Definition

An X-ray technique used to construct a detailed cross section, at a predetermined depth, of a tissue structure. 

 

Useful for identifying space-occupying lesions 

Term

Ultrasonography

(ultrasound)

(sonogram)

Definition

This is a procedure in which sound waves are transmitted into the body structure as a small transducer is passed over the patient's skin. 

Types: abdominal, obstetrical, pelvic, renal, thyroid echogram ultrasound 

Term
Venography
Definition
Also called phlebography, venography is a technique used to prepare an X-ray image of veins that have been injected with a contrast medium that is radiopaque. 
Term
Abduction 
Definition
Movement of a limb away from the body. 
Term
Adduction
Definition
Movement of a limb toward the axis of the body
Term
Anteroposterior
Definition
From the front to the back of the body, commonly associated wtih the direction of the X-ray beam. 
Term
Aortography
Definition
A radiographic process in which the aorta and its braches are injected with any various contrast media for visualization 
Term
Arthrography
Definition
A method of radiographically visualizing the inside of a joint by injecting air or contrast medium. 
Term
Axial
Definition
Pertaining to or situated on teh axis of a structure or part of the body. 
Term
Betatron
Definition
A cyclic accelerator that produces high-energy electrons for radioterapy treatments. 
Term
Brachytherapy
Definition
The placement of radioactive sources in contact with or implanted into the tissues to be treated.
Term
Bronchography
Definition
An X-ray examination of the bronchi after they have been coated with a radiopaque substance. 
Term
Cineradiography
Definition

The filming with a movie camera of the images that appear on a fluorescent screen, especially those images of body structures that have been injected with a nontoxic radiopaque medium for diagnostic purposes; 

also called cinefluorography. 

Term

Computed Tomography

(CT)

Definition
An X-ray technique that produces a film representing a detailed cross section of tissue structure
Term
Digital Radiography
Definition
Any method of X-ray imaging formation that uses a computer to store and manipulate data. 
Term
Doppler Effect
Definition
The apparent change in frequency of sound or light waves emitted by a source as it moves away from or toward an observer. 
Term
Eversion
Definition
The turning outward or inside out, such as a turning of the foot outward at the ankle
Term
Extension
Definition
A movement allowed by certain joints of the skeleton that increases the angle between two adjoining bones, such as extending the leg (which increases the angle between the femur and the tibia)
Term
Gamma Camera 
Definition
A device that uses the emission of light from a crystal struck by gamma ray to produce an image of the distribution of radioactive material in a body organ. 
Term
Gamma Rays
Definition

An electromagnetic radiation of short wavelength emitted by the nucleus of an atom during a nuclear reaction.

Also called gamma radiation. 

Term
Interstitial Therapy
Definition
Radiotherapy in which needles or wires that contain radioactive material are implanted directly into tumor areas. 
Term
Irradiation
Definition
Exposure to any form of radiant energy (such as heat, light, or X-ray)
Term
Linear Accelerator
Definition
An apparatus for accelerating charged subatomic particles used in radiotherapy, physics research, and the production of radionuclides. 
Term
Lymphangiography
Definition
The X-ray examination of lymph glands and lymphatic vessels after an injection of contrast medium. 
Term
Nuclear Medicine
Definition
A medical discipline that uses radioactive isotopes in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. 
Term
Orthovoltage
Definition
The voltage range of 100 to 350 KeV supplied by some X-ray generators ued for radiation therapy. 
Term
Palliative
Definition
To soothe or relieve
Term
Piezoelectric
Definition
The generation of a voltage across a solid when a mechanical stress is applied. 
Term
Prone
Definition
Being in horizontal position when lying face down. 
Term
Pyelography
Definition
A technique in radiology for examining the structures and evaluating the function of the urinary system. 
Term
rad
Definition

Abbreviation for radiation absorbed dose

the basic unit of absorbed dose of ionizing radiation. 

Term
Radioactivity
Definition
The ability of a substance to emit rays or particles (alpha, beta, or gamma) from its nucleus. 
Term
Radiographer
Definition

An allied health professional trained to use X-ray machines and other imaging equipment to produce images of the internal structures of teh body; 

also known as a radiologic technologist. 

Term
Radioimmunoassay
Definition
A technique in radiology used to determine the concentration of an antigen, antibody, or other protein in the serum. 
Term
Radioisotope
Definition
A radioactive isotope (of an element) used for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. 
Term
Radiologist
Definition
A physician who specializes in radiology. 
Term
Radiology
Definition

The study of the diagnostic and therapeutic uses of X-rays; 

also known as roentgenology. 

Term
Radiolucent
Definition
Pertaining to materials that allow X-rays to penetrate with a minimum of absorpotion. 
Term

Radionuclide 

(radioisotope)

Definition
An isotope (or nuclide) that undergoes radioactive decay. 
Term
Radiopaque
Definition
Not permetting the passage of X-rays or other radiant energy. 
Term
Radiopharmaceutical
Definition
A drug that contains radioactive atoms 
Term
Recumbent
Definition
Lying down or leaning backward 
Term
Roentgenology
Definition

The study of the diagnostic and therapeutic uses of X-rays

Term
Scanning 
Definition
A technique for carefully studying an area, organ, or system of the body by recording and displaying an image of the area. 
Term
Supine
Definition
Lying horizontally on the back
Term
Teletherapy
Definition
Radiation therapy administered by a machine positioned at some distance from the patient. 
Term
Tomography
Definition
An X-ray technique that produces a film representing a detailed cross section of tissue structure at a predetermined depth. 
Term
Transducer
Definition
A handheld device that sends and receives a sound-wave signal. 
Term
Ultrasound
Definition
Sound waves at the very high frequency of more than 20,000 kHz (vibrations per second). 
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