Howard

Gardner ((1983)

represents the meaure that reflects the outcomes of a research study

(a variable that is meaured to see whether the treatment of the independent variable had an effect)

ex. remember a et of 10 single digit numbers afer an fie hour period, what is remembered is the dependent variable

A variable that is manipulated to examine its impact on a dependent variable

ex. testing three different reading programs

the method of reading instructed is he independent variable/ the depende variable is the scores or outcome

A variable that is related to the dependent variable, the influence of must be removed

ex. testing readig speed, you need to control the difference in intellegence.

A variable that is related to the dependent variable or independent variable that is not part of the experiment

has a impact on results

ex. television watching on achievement - this depends on what is being watched

A variable that is related to the dependent variable or independent variable and has a impact on the dependent variable

ex. crime rate and ice cream consumption - consider the weather conditions

these are experiments that include more then one indepedent variable

this way of noting is ex. 3 x 4

see page 26

indepedent variables are ones that are indepedent  of any other variable that is being used

dependent variable is sensitive to changes in the differen levels of each independent variable

a statement of equality

ex. there is no relationship between personality type and job success

represented by following equation

Ho;(o below the line)µ9(u cursive, 9 below the line) equal sign µ12(12 below the line) see page 28

ho is the symbol of the null hypothesis

next you have your greek symbol for theoretical average (pop. of 9th graders)

(lastly theoretical sign for population of 12th graders)

research hypothosis

a definate statement of the relationship between two varibles

statement of inequality

ex. the average score of 9th graders is different then the average score of 12th graders

no direction to the inequality (different from)(nondirectional research hypothesis)

a direction of inequality (such as more then or less then) directional research hypothesis

reflects a difference between two groups, but the direction is not specified

hypothesis states a differece but not a direction

represented by equation pg 30

reflects a differece between groups and the direction is specified (word greater or less then should be used)

see page 30 for formula

null represents equality, research represents inequality

null referes to population, research refers to sample

null hypothesis are stated wih Greek Symbols, research used Roman Symbols

you will see research hypothesis more because, it is no cost effective to get a entire population

this is a measure of how much risk we are willing to take when reaching a conclusion about the relationship between variables.

ex. pg 34