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Definition
| A nerve cell, located throughout all parts of the body, which transmits information throughout the body. |
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| Branch-like structure, info enters neuron only at this point, then moves on farther into cell. |
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| Cell body, contains cell nucleus (brain of cell). The soma receives info from dendrites and processes it. |
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| Tube-like structure attached to soma. It transmits info to other neurons. |
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| A bundle of long neurons outside the brain and spinal cord. |
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| Cells that support the neurons by providing nutrients, myelin, and removing waste. |
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| Electrically charged molecules, either positive or negative charges, float inside and outside the axon. |
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| When there is a balance between the negative ions inside the axon and positive ions outside the axon. The neuron is polarized. |
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| When the neuron is stimulated past its threshold (level of stimulation needed to cause a reaction), ion channels open in the cell membrane and positive ions enter, changing the electrical balance. |
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| The change in electrical charge, flow of ions, which moves from one spot to another down the axon. |
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Definition
| A cell reaches the axon potential or it does not. There is no such thing as a small AP. The cell fires at the same magnitude once the threshold is reached. Cells cannot fire immediately. they must rest - (refractory period) - where ions rebalance. |
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Definition
| The fatty covering covering which provides insulation for the neuron allowing for faster transmission of information. The impulse jumps along the sheath. |
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Definition
| If the stimulation is great enough and proceeds the length of the axon, it will cause the axon terminal to release neurotransmitters. |
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Definition
| Chemicals that carry messages cross the synapse. They have different shapes. See pg. 56 of the text |
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Definition
| Copy neurotransmitters and activate more synapses. |
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Definition
| Block neurotransmitter action. |
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Definition
| The junction where the neurons communicate across the synaptic cleft, the space between the axon of one cell and the dendrite of the next. |
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Definition
| Where the neurotransmitters are stored in the axon synaptic knobs. |
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Definition
| Where the neurotransmitters are taken back into the vesicles |
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Definition
| Causes next neuron to fire |
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Definition
| Keeps the next neuron from firing. More neurotransmitters make the cell fire more times, not harder. |
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Definition
| Comprised of the brain and spinal cord. |
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| Sensory neurons (afferent) |
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Definition
| Carry messages to spinal cord. |
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Definition
| Connect sensory and motor neurons in brain and spinal cord. |
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| Lump, convoluted outside surface of brain. Divided in 2 halves. |
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Definition
| Nonverbal activities, music, perceptual activities, controls left side of body, plays greater role in the expression and perception of emotions. |
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| Reading, writing, speaking, analytical functions, controls right side of body. |
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Definition
| The split between the two hemispheres. |
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| How many lobes comprise the brain? |
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Definition
| 4: Front lobe, Parietal lobe, Occipetal lobe, Temporal lobe |
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Definition
| Located at the front of the cortex, controls speech, motor functions, self-awareness, ability to plan ahead. |
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Definition
| Area of the frontal lobe that controls speech muscles. |
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| Where is the motor control area of the brain? |
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Definition
| In the back of the frontal lobe. |
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Definition
| Behind the frontal love, top of brain, controls sensation, body position, and memory of environment. |
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Definition
| Receives info about different sensations our body experiences. |
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| Back of cortex, vision and perception. |
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| Sides of cortex, language, hearing, memory, emotions |
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| Part of temporal lobe that helps understand spoken language. |
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Definition
| Subcortical area composed of nerve fibers that connect the two hemispheres so info can pass back and forth. |
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Definition
| Subcortical areas: two little footballs under corpus callosum. Receives info from all sensory areas and passes on to appropriate area in cerebral cortex. |
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| Subcortical area: Aids in forming long term memories. |
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| Subcortical area: Interconnected structure of thalamus, frontal, and temporal lobes, hypothalamus, fornix, amygdala, hippocampus. Controls emotions, aggression, and pleasure. |
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| Hindbrain area at base of brain stem, controls involuntary movement and fine motor activity and learned reflexes. |
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| Hind brain area at front of cerebellum that contains Pons and Medulla. |
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| Brain stem sections that control sleep, dreaming, and coordinates movement. |
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Definition
| A diffuse set of cells throughout the pons, medulla, thalamus, and hypothalamus. Acts as sensory filter, controls our state of arousal, waking, and sleeping. |
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Term
| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
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Definition
| ALl nerves going to and from brain and spinal cord; contains all nerves not in CNS. |
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Definition
| Regulates voluntary tasks: involuntary movement, controls movement and muscles, and responds to the info being processed through the senses (the outside world). |
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| Regulates the body's normal functions, internal organs, digestion, heart rate, etc., and affects emotion. |
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| Part of Autonomic NS that operates under normal circumstances. Keeps you calm, blood pressure and heart rate low. |
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Definition
| A system of glands which distribute chemical throughout the bloodstream. |
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Definition
| Part of Autonomic NS that responds to stressful situations and demands of the body. Increases heart rate, stops digestion, "fight or flight" reaction. |
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Definition
| Chemicals manufactured in glands that influence internal organs. Brain directs glands release of hormones. |
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Definition
| Structures that release hormones. |
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Definition
| The body's master gland; regulates the activity of other glands, blood pressure, growth, thirst. |
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Definition
| Located at the top of kidneys, physical and emotional arousal, epinephrine and norepinephrine (hormones dealing with stress) |
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Definition
| Produce sex cells and estrogen and testosterone. |
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| Located below the voice box, regulates metabolism. |
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Definition
| Electroencephalogram: records electrical activity of brain. |
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Definition
| Recorded by EEG: shows mental or physical activity. |
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Definition
| Recorded by EEG: show deep relaxation. |
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Definition
| Recorded by EEG: shows deep sleep. |
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Definition
| A fine wire that can be inserted next to a single neuron. |
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Definition
| Computerized tomography: rotating x-ray tube showing cross-sectional slice images of the inside of the brain. |
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Definition
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging: high-resolution images through scanning without x-rays. |
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Definition
| Positron-Emission Tomography: maps patterns of blood flow, oxygen use, and glucose consumption. |
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Definition
| Shows brain structure and brain activity as time passes. |
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