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chapter 2 cult. diversity
key terms
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Undergraduate 1
02/26/2007

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Term
Material culture
Definition
consists of abstract human creations and their meanings in life (ex. Beliefs, customs, ideas, languages, norms, social institutions, and values)all physical objects created by members of a society and the meanings attached to them (cars, cell phones, money, sneakers, or clothing)
Term
Culture
Definition
consist of physical or material objects as well as the nonmaterial attitudes, beliefs, customs, lifestyles, and values shared by members of a society and transmitted to the next generation.
Term
Norms
Definition
a culture’s rules of conduct embodying the society’s fundamental expectations.
Term
The Reality Construct
Definition
“Culture is something that intervenes between the human organism and its environment to produce actions.”
Term
Paralinguistic signals
Definition
sounds but not words, such as a sigh, a kiss- puckering sound, or the m-m-m sound of tasting something good
Term
The Thomas Theorem
Definition
if people define situations as real, those situations become real in their consequences.
Term
Vicious-circle phenomenon
Definition
people create a culturally determined world of reality, and their actions reinforce their beliefs. Social interaction or social change may counteract such situations, however, leading to their redefinition
Term
Cultural Transmission
Definition
each generation transmits its culture to the next generation
Term
Cultural diffusion
Definition
Ideas, inventions, and practices spread from one culture to another, albeit at different rates of diffusions.
Term
Chain migration
Definition
settling in an area already containing family, friends, or compatriots who located there earlier
Term
Parallel social institutions
Definition
their own clubs, organizations, newspapers, stores, churches, and schools duplicating those of the host society—appear, creating cohesiveness within the minority subculture, whether it is an immigrant or native-born grouping.
Term
Ethnogenesis
Definition
process in which immigrants hold onto some homeland values, adapt others, and adopt some values of the host country.
Term
Convergent subcultures
Definition
a subgroup gradually becoming completely intergrated into the dominant culture
Term
Persistent subcultures
Definition
a subgroup adhering to its own way of life and resisting absorption into the dominant culture.

•Religious groups such as the Amish, some Hutterites, Hasidic Jews reject modernity and insist on maintaining their traditional ways of life.
Term
Social Stratification
Definition
the hierarchical classification of the members of society based on the unequal distribution of resources, power, and prestige.
Term
Structural conditions
Definition
influence relationships between majority and minority groups
Term
Social class
Definition
a categorization sociologists use to designate people’s place in the stratification hierarchy; people in a particular social class have a similar level of income, amount of property, degree of power, status, and type of lifestyle.
Term
Reputational method
Definition
W. Lloyd Warner asked people how they thought others compared to them and found a well formulated class system in place.
Term
Warner’s Yankee City study
Definition
length of residence in the U.S., size of the immigrant population in the community, and nearness of one’s homeland.
Term
John Leggett
Definition
found that class consciousness depends on the ethnic factor: The lower a group’s ethnic status in the society, the higher the level of class consciousness.
Term
Milton Gordan’s central thesis
Definition
4 factors play a part in forming subsocieties within the nation: ethnicity, social class, rural residence, and regionalism.
Term
Ethclasses
Definition
subsocieties resulting from the intersection of stratifications of race and ethnic group with stratifications of social class. (EX: lower middle class white Catholics in a northeastern city, lower class black Baptists in the rural South, and upper class white Jews in a western urban area.)
Term
Moynihan
Definition
believed that the explanation for high unemployment, welfare dependency and other social problems was family deterioration
Term
Culture-of-poverty-
Definition
a controversial viewpoint arguing that the disorganization and pathology of lower-class culture are self perpetuating through cultural transmission.
Term
Value-stretch approach
Definition
Rodman’s belief that all people share the same values of a society, but that the lower class adopts additional more realistic values.
Term
Economic determinism
Definition
structural barriers and discrimination
Term
Cultural determinism
Definition
transmission of cultural inadequacies.
Term
Cultural differentiation
Definition
differences that are present between two cultures
Term
Structural Differentiation
Definition
status distinctions for different racial and ethnic groups entrenched within the social system
Term
Occupational Mobility
Definition
the ability of individuals to improve their job position
Term
Ethnic Stratification
Definition
the structured inequality of different groups with different access to social rewards as a result of their status in the social hierarchy
Term
Power-differential theory
Definition
intergroup relations depend on the relative power of the migrant group and the indigenous group.
Term
Assimilation theory
Definition
refers to the functioning within a society of racial or ethnic minority-group members who lack any marked cultural, social, or personal differences from the people of the majority group
• described as A + B + C = A
Term
Cultural assimilation
Definition
the change of cultural patterns to match those of the host society
Term
Marital assimilation-
Definition
large scale intermarriage with members of the majority society
Term
Structural assimilation
Definition
large scale entrance into the cliques, clubs, and institutions of the host society on a primary group level.
Term
Amalgamation Theory
Definition
states that all the diverse peoples blend their biological and cultural differences into an altogether new breed
•expressed as A + B + C = D
Term
Accommodation theory
Definition
recognizes the persistence of racial and ethnic diversity.
•Pluralism would be A + B + C = A + B + C
Term
Cultural pluralism
Definition
two or more culturally distinct groups living in the same society in relative harmony
Term
Structural pluralism
Definition
the coexistence of racial and ethnic groups in subsocieties within social-class and regional boundaries
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