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| Law of Multiple Proportions |
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Definition
| states that the ratio of the masses of one element, y, that react with a given mass of another element, x, to form only two compounds is the ratio of two small whole numbers |
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| what atoms are composed of, includes neutrons, protons, and electrons |
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| streams of electrons emitted by the cathode (negative electrode) in a partially evacuated tube |
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| a negatively charged subatomic particle |
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| a type of radioactive emission that consists of a hight-energy electron |
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| a radioactive emission (composed of subatomic particles) with a charge of 2+ and a mass equivalent to that of a helium nucleus |
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| contains all the positive charge and nearly all the mass of an atom |
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| a positively charged subatomic particle present in the nucleus of an atom |
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| an electrically neutral or uncharged subatomic particle found in an atom's nucleus |
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| comprise a relative scale used to express the masses of atoms and subatomic particles; the scale is based on the definition that the mass of one atom of carbon with six protons and six neutrons in its nucleus is exactly 12 amu |
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| atoms of an element whose nuclei have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons |
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| the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of an element |
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| the protons and neutrons in atomic nuclei |
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| the total number of nucleons (sum of the number of protons and neutrons) in one atom of an element |
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| identifies the elements in order of their atomic numbers |
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| calculated by multiplying the natural abundance of each isotope by its exact mass in atomic mass units and then summing products |
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| an instrument that measures precise masses and relative amounts of ions, atoms, and molecules |
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| its relative proportion, usually expressed as a percentage, among all the isotopes of that element as found in its natural sample; the total for the isotopes should sum to 100% or very close to it |
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| horizontal rows in the periodic table |
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| columns in the periodic table; elements in the same this have similar chemical properties |
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| elements in groups 3 to 12 |
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| elements to the left-hand side of the periodic table; they are typically shiny solids that conduct heat and electricity well and are malleable and ductile |
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| have properties opposite to those of metals; they are poor conductors of heat an electricity, and they range in character rom brittle solids to gases |
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| define the border between metals and nonmetals in a row on the periodic table; they have some metallic and some nonmetallic properties |
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| elements ni groups 3 through 12 |
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| composed of atoms held together in molecules by covalent bonds |
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| composed of positively and negatively charged ions that are held together by electrostatic attractions |
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| shared pairs of electrons that chemically bond atoms together |
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| ions with negative charges |
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| ions with positive charges |
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| describes the exact numer and type of atoms present in one molecule of a compound |
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| gives the simplest whole-number ration of elements in a compound |
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| the smallest electrically neutral unit within a crystal of the compound; contains the number and type of ions expressed in the formula of the compound |
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| charged groups consisting of two or more atoms joined together by covalent bonds |
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| polyatomic ions that contain oxygen in combination with one or more other elements |
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| include most compounds containing carbons, and commonly include certain other elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen |
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| an organic compound containing the -COOH functional group |
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| elementary particles that combine to form neutrons and protons |
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| the fusing of fundamental and subatomic particles to create atomic nucei |
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| the nucleus of a specific isotope of an element, also often used as a synonym for isotope |
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| the study of the physical nature and the form of the universe as a whole |
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| the absorption of a neutron by a nucleus |
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| the process by which a neutron-rich nucleus decays into a proton and a beta particle |
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