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| the scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
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| the use of systematic methods to observe the natural world, including human behavior, and to draw conclusions |
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| everything we do that can be directly observed |
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| the thoughts, feelings, and motives that each of us experiences privately but that cannot be observed directly |
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| the process of thinking deeply and actively, asking questions, and evaluating the evidence; asking ourselves how we know something |
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| gaining knowledge through observation of events and logical reasoning |
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| psychologist who specialize in studying and treating psychological disorders |
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| the rational investigation of the underlying principles of being and knowledge |
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Wundt’s approach to discovering the basic elements, or structures, of mental processes
method used was introspection |
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James’s approach to mental processes, emphasizing the functions and purposes of the mind and behavior in the individual’s adaptation to the environment
why is human thought adaptive? |
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| an evolutionary process in which organisms that are best adapted to their environment will survive and produce offspring |
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| a focus on the body, especially the brain and nervous system |
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the scientific study of the structure, function, development, genetics, and biochemistry of the nervous system
largest contribution to physiological psychology |
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| emphasizes the scientific study of observable behavioral responses and their environmental determinants |
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| emphasizes unconscious thought, the conflict between biological drives (e.g. sex drive) and society’s demands, and early childhood family experiences |
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| involves an analyst’s unlocking a person’s unconscious conflicts by talking with the individual about his or her childhood memories, dreams, thoughts, and feelings |
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| emphasizes a person’s positive qualities, the capacity for positive growth, and the freedom to choose one’s destiny |
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| emphasizes the mental processes involved in knowing: how we direct our attention, perceive, remember, think, and solve problems |
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| adaptation, reproduction, and natural selection are the basis for explaining specific human behaviors |
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| examines the ways in which social and cultural environments influence behavior |
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| a broad idea or set of closely related ideas that attempts to explain observations and why certain things have happened |
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| an educated guess that derives logically from a theory and can be tested |
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| collecting and analyzing data |
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| all the information researchers collect in a study |
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| provides an objective description of how a variable is going to be measured and observed in a particular study; must be very specific |
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| case history; an in-depth look at a single individual |
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| tells about the relationships between variables; its purpose is to examine whether and how two variables change together |
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| experience sampling method (ESM) |
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| using daily diary methodologies to study people in their natural settings |
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| sometimes another variable that has not been measured accounts for the relationship between two others |
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| obtaining measures of the variables of interest in multiple waves over time |
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| a carefully regulated procedure in which the researcher manipulates one or more variables that are believed to influence some other variable |
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| researchers assign participants to groups by chance |
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| a manipulated experimental factor |
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| a person who is given a role to play in a study so that the social context can be manipulated |
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| participants who receive the drug or other treatment under study |
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| not exposed to the drug or treatment provides a comparison against which the researcher can test the effects of the independent variable |
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| soundness of the conclusions |
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| the degree to which an experimental design reflects real-world issues |
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| the degree to which changes in the dependent variable are due to the manipulation of the independent variable; whether the experimental methods are free from biases and logical errors |
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| occurs when the experimenter’s expectations influence the outcome of the research |
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| any aspects of a study that communicate to the participants how the experimenter wants them to behave |
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| factors that “ride along” with the experimental manipulation, systematically and undesirably influencing the dependent variable |
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| research participant bias |
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| occurs when the behavior of research participants during the experiment is influenced by how they think they are supposed to behave or their expectations about what is happening to them |
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| a harmless substance that has no physiological effect |
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| neither the experimenter administering the treatment nor the participants are aware of which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group until the results are calculated |
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| entire group about which the investigator wants to draw conclusions |
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| subset of the population chosen by the investigator for study |
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| gives every member of the population an equal chance of being selected |
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| observing behavior in a real-world setting |
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