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| The study of the human mind and human behavior |
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| What are the assumptions of science |
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1. There is order in the universe
2. Determinism
3. Skepticism
4. Accuracy
5. Objectivity
6. Open Mindedness |
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| The lawful relationship among events. There is always reason |
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Every event has a physical, potentially measurable cause.
1. There had to be an uncaused cause to begin everything
2. Free Will |
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An attitude that doubts all claims not supported by solid research evidence.
-many truths are subject to change, attitudes change |
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Evaluate info as carefully as possibe.
-recheck your findings |
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Free of bias
-See what the data tells you, not what you want it to say |
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Willingness to change.
-Attitude that a belief will change if data supports a different truth |
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| Goal of Scientific Reseach |
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1.description
2.prediction
3.control
4.explanation |
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| The citing of the observable characteristics of an even, object, or individual. Describing things as they exist |
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description
Only things relevant to you research |
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description
concrete descriptions.
ex. measurement - use #'s |
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description
define behaviors or qualities in terms of the procedures used to measure or produce them.
- Definitions in terms of the procedures used to measure or produce
o Drunk= blood alcohol content (knows exactly what you’re talking about)
Alien limb syndrome: feeling that a part of your body is not your own, and you want it gone (some people go to extremes to have it removed) |
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| psychologists want to make predictions in the form of hypotheses about changes in behavior, mental experiences, or physiological processes. |
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testable prediction about relationship between two or more factors
-A hypothesis is usually derived from a theory |
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| statements that summarize/explain research findings and from which hypotheses are derived |
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| Manipulating factors that affect thought/behavior |
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| In research, controlling as many factors as possible |
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| Application of reseach findings to conrol behavior |
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| The discovery of the causes of obvious behaviors, mental experiences, and physiological processes |
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| A series of steps we undertake to answer questions |
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Provide a rationale and review the relevant literature.
A) Identify area/problem of interest
B) Review the relevant research literature |
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| Why should you review relevant reseach leterature? |
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Definition
1. Operational definitions from past. Define terms to be able to use them in your research.
2. Avoid needless replication. Dont just repeat experiments
3.Put research into broader context. Psychology builds on what has been found in the past
4.To see other theories on same area of interst |
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| Develop a testable hypothesis. Testable prediction about the relationship between two or more events or characteristics. |
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| Design the study and collect the data |
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Analyze the data and accept or reject the hypothesis. Apply statistics to the data. Descriptive statisitics - summarizes data (mean, variability)
Inferential statistics - allows you to compare different groups |
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Publish, replicate, and seek scientific review.
-publish the findings - its useless if it stays with you.
-replicate the study - replicate the exact study and replicate the study with systematic variationof relevant variables. |
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| What types of research are there? |
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1.Descriptive research
2.correlational
3.experimental
4.biological |
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| researcher simply records what he or she has systematically ovserved. Descriptive research does not allow for findings of causation or prediction. There are several methods used in descriptive research: systematic ovservations and no causation or prediction. |
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Descriptive
Participants are studied in their natural environment. |
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| when people act differently because they know theyre under observation |
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Descriptive
the researcher spends a lot of time with the people they are researching, usually living with them. this type of research is especially usuful when studying other cultures.
-Hawthorne effect subsides after researcher spends a lot of time with people, until they are considered "the norm" |
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Descriptive
-examines collections of letters, manuscripts, tape recordings, video recordings, etc.
-shows how characteristics have changed over time |
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Descriptive
-intensive examination of a single person.
-used a lot in therapy |
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used when a researcher wants to predict one variable from another.
-allows us to make predictions (still no causations...not introducing new factors)
-Cannot introduce variable for ethical/logistical reasons |
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| the degree of relationship between two or more variables |
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| Positive correlation coefficient |
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| a change in the same direction (variables either both increase or both decrease) ex. GPA and study hours |
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| Negative correlation coefficient |
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| a change in opposite direction. ex-drinkin and motor skills |
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| used to determine if there is a causal relationship between two variables. |
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| introducing new variables to casue a certain reaction. Need a sample of the population |
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| everyone who COULD be involved in you experiment |
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| accurately reflects characteristics of population. They need to share the same statistical characteristics |
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| best way to get a representative sample. each participant in population is equally likely to be chosen |
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| introduced/manipulated by the experimenter |
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| shows any effect of independant variable (depends on IV) |
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| not exposed to IV (used to show variation of effect of IV) |
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| extraneous or confounding variables |
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-anything other than IV that causes change(s) in DV
-You cant possibly control EVERYTHING that happends or what people do |
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| accidentally signal to participant how they are expected to respond |
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| no one knows the group that the participants are in. best way to eliminate experimental bias |
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| believing that ones culture is typical of all culture. viewing ones own culture as central and correct and jedging others according to this standard |
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| we started studying how the brain works by examining people who had sustained damage -called lesions- to their brains. In the mid 1800's doctors reasoned that one way to determine what a particular area of the breain does is to see what happens when that part of the brain is damaged in some way. |
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1. informed consent and voluntary participation
2.the use of deception
3.confidentiality
4.students and research participants |
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| Informed consent and voluntary participation |
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| consent forms should tell you your participation is completely voluntary |
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-eradicates the possibility of "helpful participants"
-may have outlived its usefulness, now participants expect to be deceived
-there is an ethical difficulty present: -consent form is somewhat violated
-debriefing is used to inform participant of deception used during the experiment, and leaves the participant to choose whether to keep results as valid and to be used by the researcher or throw them away |
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| keeping privacy a priority |
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| students as research participants |
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| we cannot be forced to participate in psyc experiments (our other option is to write about the articles) |
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-established the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany, in 1879
-first time psycology becomes experimental. |
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| brought Wundts ideas to the US |
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| Wundt defined psychology as... |
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| the study of the structure of conscious experience |
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| participants exposed to different types of stimuli, then reported sensations and feelings associated with that stimuli |
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functions of behavior in enabling people/animals to adapt to their invironment.
people became impatient with intorspection they felt it was too limiting. |
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idea that environment selects those who possess some characteristic that contributes to suvival
we have to compete to survive |
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adaptive "survive" in the sense of successfully passing on genes to offspring.
William James - head of this movement in the US |
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| Sigmund Freud believed that humans are motivated mainly by violent, sexual drives into socially acceptable behavior... |
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came up with universal child development theory, but never actually treated a child.
theories too involved/obsessed with sex and violence(other factors were ignored).
Sexist theories |
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| environment is primary derterminat of thought and behavior |
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| Methodological Behaviorism |
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| subject matter of psychology should be restricted exclusively to environmental inputs and ovservable responses |
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reaction to structuralism.
interested in the study of perception.
"you cant sudy perception by breaking it down into its structual parts, you had to look at the experience as a whole. |
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