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| a group of statements, one or more of which (the premises) are claimed to provide support for one of the others (the conclusion). |
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| sentence that is either true or false |
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| statements that set forth the reasons or evidence |
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| statement that the evidence is claimed to support or imply |
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| therefore, wherefore, thus, consequently, we may infer, accordingly, we may conclude, it must be that, for this reason, so, entails that, hence, it follows that, implies that, as a result |
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| since, as indicated by, because, for, in that, may be inferred from, as given that, seeing that, for the reason that, inasmuch as, owing to |
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| reasoning process expressed by an argument |
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| the meaning or information content of a statement |
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| a kind of logic in which the fundamental elements are terms, and arguments are evaluated as good or bad depending on how the terms are arranged in the argument. |
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| involves such concepts as possibility, necessity, belief, and doubt |
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| a claim that something is true; a claim that evidence or reasons are being presented |
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| the passage expresses a certain kind of reasoning process; something supports or implies something or that something follows from something. |
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| form of expression that is intended to put someone on guard against a dangers or detrimental situation. |
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| form of expression that makes a recommendation about some future decision or course of conduct. |
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| statement of belief/opinion |
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| expression about what someone happens to believe or think about something. |
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| loosely associated statements |
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| may be about the same general subject, but lack a claim that one of them is proved by the others |
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| consists of a group of statements that convey information about some topic or event. |
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| kind of discourse that begins with a topic sentence followed by one or more sentences that develop the topic sentence. |
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| an expression involving one or more examples that is intended to show what something means or how it is done. |
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| illustrations that can be taken as arguments |
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| an expression that purports to shed light on some event or phenomenon. |
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| statement that describes the even t or phenomenon to be explained |
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| statement or group of statements that purports to do the explaining |
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| the occurrence of A is all that is needed for the occurrence of B |
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| A cannot occur without the occurrence of B |
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| an argument incorporating the claim that it is impossible for the conclusion be false given that the premises are true; necessary reasoning |
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| an argument incorporating the claim that is improbable that the conclusion be false given that the premises are true; probabilistic reasoning |
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| argument based on mathematics |
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| an argument in which the conclusion depends on some purely arithmetic or geometric computation or measurement |
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| an argument in which the conclusion is claimed to depend merely on the definition of some word or phrase used in the premise or conclusion |
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| a syllogism in which each statement begins with one of the words all, no, or some. |
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| a syllogism having a conditional statement for one or both of its premises. |
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| a syllogism having disjunctive statement (i.e., an either... or... statement) for one of its premises |
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| an argument that proceeds from our knowledge of the past to a claim about the future. |
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| an argument that depends on the existence of an analogy, or similarity, between two things or states of affairs |
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| an argument that proceeds from the knowledge of a selected sample to some claim about the whole group |
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| an argument that concludes something is true because a presumed expert or witness has said that it is |
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| an argument that proceeds from the knowledge of a sign to claim about the thing or situation that the sign symbolizes |
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| an argument that proceeds from knowledge of a cause to a claim about an effect, conversely, from knowledge of an effect to a claim about a cause |
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| one that makes a claim about one or more particular members of a class |
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| makes a claim about all the members of a class |
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| an argument in which it is impossible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true; conclusion follows with strict necessity from the premises |
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| invalid deductive argument |
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| an argument in which it is possible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true; conclusion does not follow with strict necessity from premises |
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| a deductive argument that is valid and has all true premises |
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| a deductive argument that is invalid, has one or more false premises, or both |
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| strong inductive argument |
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| an inductive argument in which it is improbable that the conclusion be false given that the premises are true |
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| an argument in which the conclusion does not follow probably from the premises, even though it is claimed to |
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| an inductive argument that is strong and has all true premises; both conditions must be present |
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| an inductive argument that is weak, has one or more false premises, or both. |
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| an arrangement of words and letters such that the uniform substitution of terms or statements in place of the letters results in an argument |
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| any argument that is produced by uniformly substituting terms or statements in place of the letters in an argument form |
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| a substitution instance having true premises and a false conclusion |
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