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Chapter 19
The Kidneys
48
Physiology
Undergraduate 3
11/08/2015

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Term
6 general kidney functions
Definition
1. regulation of ECF volume & blood pressure
2. regulation of osmolarity
3. maintenance of ion balance
4. homeostatic regulation of pH
5. excretion of wastes
6. production of hormones
Term
What makes up the urinary system?
Definition
the kidneys & accessory structures
Term
renal physiology
Definition
the study of kidney function (from the Latin word "renes" meaning "kidneys")
Term
When does urine production begin?
Definition
when water & solutes move from plasma into the hollow tubules that make up the bulk of the paired kidneys
Term
ureter
Definition
a hollow tube into which the modified fluid known as urine passes into as it leaves the kidney
Term
Where do the 2 ureters lead?
Definition
1 from each kidney to the urinary bladder
Term
urethra
Definition
the single tube through which the bladder expels urine as it contracts during the reflex of micturition (urination) after the bladder expands & fills with urine
Term
Why are women more likely than men to develop urinary tract infections?
Definition
the female urethra is shorter & closer to bacteria leaving the large intestine
Term
peritoneum
Definition
a membranous structure which lines the abdomen & sandwiches the kidneys between itself & the bones/muscles of the back
Term
renal arteries
Definition
branch off the abdominal aorta & supply blood to the kidneys
Term
renal veins
Definition
carry blood from the kidneys to the inferior vena cava
Term
2 layers of the interior of the kidney
Definition
1. outer cortex
2. inner medulla
Term
nephrons
Definition
microscopic tubes that organize to form the layers on the interior of the kidney
Term
afferent arteriole
Definition
where blood flows from the renal arteries as part of the renal portal system
Term
glomerulus
Definition
a ball-like network (first capillary bed in the renal portal system) into which blood flows from the afferent arteriole
Term
What is the destination of the blood that flows from the glomerulus as part of the renal portal system?
Definition
leaves the glomerulus into an efferent arteriole then into the second set of capillaries (the peritubular capillaries) that surround the tubule
Term
vasa recta
Definition
the long peritubular capillaries that dip into the medulla in the juxtamedullary nephrons
Term
Bowman's capsule
Definition
a hollow, ball-like structure with which the nephron begins that surrounds the glomerulus
Term
What 2 things make up the renal corpuscle?
Definition
1. glomerulus
2. Bowman's capsule
Term
What is the route of fluid that flows out of Bowman's capsule?
Definition
filtered fluid flows into the proximal tubule then into the loop of Henle (a hairpin-shaped segment that dips down toward the medulla & then back up)
Term
2 limbs on the loop of Henle
Definition
1. a thin descending limb
2. an ascending limb with thin & thick segments
Term
Where does fluid pass after it leaves the loop of Henle?
Definition
into the distal tubule
Term
Where does fluid drain into out of the distal tubules?
Definition
the distal tubules of up to 8 nephrons drain into a single larger tube called the collecting duct
Term
2 things that make up the distal nephron
Definition
1. the distal tubule
2. its collecting duct
Term
Where do collecting ducts drain into after passing from the cortex through the medulla?
Definition
into the renal pelvis
Term
filtration
Definition
the movement of fluid from blood into the lumen of the nephron
Term
reabsorption
Definition
the process of moving substances in the filtrate from the lumen of the tubule back into the blood flowing through peritubular capillaries
Term
secretion
Definition
selectively removing molecules from the blood & adding them to the filtrate in the tubule lumen
Term
filtration fraction
Definition
the percentage of total plasma volume that filters into the tubule
Term
basal lamina
Definition
the second filtration barrier; an acellular layer of extracellular matrix that separates the capillary endothelium from the epithelium of Bowman's capsule
Term
podocytes
Definition
specialized cells that make up the capsule epithelium which surrounds each glomerular capillary
Term
foot processes
Definition
long cytoplasmic extensions on the podocytes that extend from the main cell body
Term
How do foot processes interact with glomerular capillaries?
Definition
foot processes wrap around the glomerular capillaries & interlace with one another, leaving narrow filtration slits closed by a semiporous membrane
Term
Where are glomerular mesangial cells located?
Definition
they lie between & around the glomerular capillaries
Term
3 pressures that influence glomerular filtration
Definition
1. the hydrostatic pressure of blood flowing through the glomerular capillaries through the leaky endothelium
2. the colloid osmotic pressure inside glomerular capillaries is higher than that of the fluid in Bowman's capsule
3. Bowman's capsule is an enclosed space & so the pressure of fluid in the capsule creates a hydrostatic fluid pressure that opposes fluid movement into the capsule
Term
glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
Definition
the volume of fluid that filters into Bowman's capsule per unit time
Term
2 components of the filtration coefficient
Definition
1. the surface area of the glomerular capillaries available for filtration
2. the permeability of interface between the capillary & Bowman's capsule
Term
myogenic response
Definition
the intrinsic ability of vascular smooth muscle to respond to pressure changes
Term
tubuloglomerular feedback
Definition
a paracrine signaling mechanism through which changes in fluid flow through the loop of Henle influence GFR
Term
4 steps for organic anion secretion
Definition
1. direct active transport
2. secondary indirect active transport
3. tertiary indirect active transport
4. organic anions enter lumen by facilitated diffusion
Term
Can the organic anion transporter family transport a wide variety of anions or a specific type of anions?
Definition
a wide variety of endogenous & exogenous anions ranging from bile salts to benzoate used as a preservative in soft drinks, salicylate from aspirin, & the artificial sweetener saccharine
Term
2 things that the excretion rate of a substance depends on
Definition
1. the filtration rate of the substance
2. whether the substance is reabsorbed, secreted, or both as it passes through the tubule
Term
Where does inulin come from?
Definition
a polysaccharide isolated from the tuberous roots of a variety of plants
Term
Where does creatinine come from?
Definition
a breakdown product of phosphocreatine (an energy-storage compound found primarily in muscles)
Term
3 steps of micturition
Definition
1. stretch receptors fire
2. parasympathetic neurons fire
3. smooth muscle contracts
Term
micturition
Definition
urination/voiding; urine is stored in the bladder until it is released in this process
Term
internal sphincter
Definition
a continuation of the bladder wall that consists of smooth muscle
Term
external sphincter
Definition
a ring of skeletal muscle controlled by the somatic motor neurons
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