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Chapter 19
The Cardiovascular System: The Blood
53
Physiology
Undergraduate 2
02/02/2014

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Term
Cardiovascular System
Definition
Three part system (the blood, heart, and blood vessels) that circulates various substances that regulate and sustain chemical processes essential for life.
Term
Blood
Definition
Fluid connective tissue (8% of total body mass) that conveys various nutrients to cells from the gastrointestinal tract, and removes wastes from cells to various organs (lungs, kidneys, skin, ect.) for elimination from the body.
Term
Interstitial Fluid
Definition
Fluid that bathes body cells - is constantly renewed by the blood. Nutrients reach cells through the blood via this medium.
Term
Hematocrit of Blood
Definition
45% Formed Elements (Cells/Cell Fragments), 55% blood plasma, Platelets >1%. (forms buffy coat in centrifuged blood)
Term
Blood Plasma
Definition
91.5% water, 8.5% solutes (7% by weight are proteins) Contains water, proteins, nutrients, regulatory substances, and waste products.
Term
Plasma Proteins
Definition
Proteins specific to blood plasma - synthesized by Hepatocytes in the liver. Concentrations: (Albumins 54%, Globulins 38% [includes antibodies], and Fibrinogens 7%. Remaining 1% are non plasma specific.)
Term
Hemopoiesis ("poiesis" - to make)
Definition
The process by which the formed elements of the blood are manufactured. Occurs primarily in red bone marrow.
Term
Red Bone Marrow
Definition
Highly vascularized connective tissue where hemopoiesis occurs. Located in the spaces between trabeculae of spongy bone tissue in the axial skeleton and pectoral and pelvic girdles. Converts to yellow bone marrow as we age.
Term
Pluripotent Stem Cells (hemocytoblasts)
Definition
Small population of adult red bone marrow cells (0.05-0.1%) derived from mesenchyme and possess the ability to differentiate into many different types of cells.
Term
Progenitor Cells
Definition
Differentiated myeloid cells (themselves a differentiation of pluripotents) that cannot self-replicate and give rise to specific elements in the blood.
Term
Precursor Cells (blasts)
Definition
Next generation of stem cells after progenitor cells. Develop into formed elements of blood. Are histologically differentiable from other stem cells.
Term
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Definition
A hemopoietic growth factor produced primarily by the kidneys that increases the number of red blood cell precursors.
Term
Thrombopoietin (TPO)
Definition
Hemopoietic growth factor produced in the liver that stimulates the formation of platelets from megakarocytes.
Term
Cytokines
Definition
Small glycoproteins produced by red bone marrow cells, leukocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts, and endotheilial cells. Function as local hormones that stimulate progenitor cell development in RBM and regulate nonspecific defense cells (ex. phagocytes) and immune responses. (B/T cells)
Term
Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes)
Definition
Cells containing the oxygen-storing protein hemoglobin, whose pigmentation gives the cells its red color. Possessed of a biconcave disk shape to maximize surface area, their strong and flexible plasma membranes allow them to contort without rupturing. Has no nucleus or organelles, produces ATP anaerobically.
Term
Nitric Oxide (NO)
Definition
Gaseous hormone that binds to hemoglobin and locally incites vasodilation upon release.
Term
Carbonic Anhydrase (CA)
Definition
Enzyme in red blood cells that catalyzes the CO2+H20 <-> H2CO3 <->
H+ + HCO3-
reaction which stores 70% of CO2 waste in plasma and provides an extracellular buffer system.
Term
Proerthroblast
Definition
Precursor cell of erthropoesis who divide several times into cells that produce hemoglobin.
Term
Reticulocytes
Definition
Mature proethroblasts that have ejected their nucleus and assumed the distinctive RBC biconcave shape. Leaving the RBM, these cells mature into RBCs in 1-2 days.
Term
Hypoxia
Definition
Cellular oxygen deficiency, induced either environmentally (altitudes), or chemically (Vitamin B12 deficiency) that stimulates the kidneys to produce more EPO.
Term
Neutrophil
Definition
Granular WBCs that respond to bacterial infection. Phagocytizes invading microbes and kills/digests them with lyzozomes, strong oxidants, and defensins. Most common leukocyte.
Term
Eosinophil
Definition
Granular WBCs that respond to allergic reactions. Contain enzymes (such as histaminase) that combat the inflammatory responses of allergic reactions, and phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes. Effective against certain parasites.
Term
Basophil
Definition
Granular WBCs that arise as a response to allergic responses and release granules (heparin, histamine, and serotonin) that increase the intensify the inflammatory response in hypersensitivity reactions. Similar in function to mast cells.
Term
Lymphocyte
Definition
Agranular WBCs that specialize in viral infection combat. Constantly recirculate through the lymphatic system. Second most common leukocyte.
Term
Monocytes
Definition
Agranular WBC that uses blood as a conduit to the tissues, where they differentiate into macrophages that phagocytize microbes and clean up cellular debris. Monocytes either wander through the blood to infection sites, or remain in certain tissues. Arrive slower than neutrophils, but come in larger numbers and destroy more microbes.
Term
Major Histocompatibility (MHC) Antigens
Definition
Proteins which protrude from the cell membranes of WBCs in a unique pattern that identifies with a single particular host body.
Term
Leukocytosis
Definition
An increase in the number of WBCs above normal levels (10,000/µL). Can occur as a normal protective response to immune stressors.(microbes, exercise, anesthesia, surgery)
Term
Leukopenia
Definition
Abnormally low WBC count (5000/µL). Never beneficial - it is often induced through radiation exposure, shock, and chemotherapeutic agents.
Term
Emigration (diapedesis)
Definition
Process a WBC uses to leave the bloodstream by using adhesion molecules to roll along and between endothelial cells.
Term
Phagocytosis
Definition
Process by which neutrophils and macrophages ingest chemotaxed bacteria and destroy them.
Term
B Cells
Definition
Type of lymphocyte that specializes in bacterial inactivation.
Term
T Cells
Definition
Type of lymphocyte that specializes in viral and fungal cell inactivation. Also attack rejected organs.
Term
NK (Natural-Killer) Cells
Definition
Type of lymphocyte that attacks a multitude of microbes and certain fast growing tumors.
Term
Differential White Blood Count
Definition
Count of each of the five types of WBCs in a sample of blood to diagnose problems with body/blood homeostasis.
Term
Platelet (Thrombocyte)
Definition
Granulated anuclear cell fragments (of megakaryocytes in RBM)of a irregular disc shape whose granules release clotting factors.
Term
Hemostasis
Definition
The sequence of responses that stops bleeding. Includes : Vascular Spasm, Platelet Plug Formation, and Coagulation.
Term
Hemorrhage ("rhage": burst forth)
Definition
Loss of large amount of blood from blood vessels.
Term
Vascular Spasm
Definition
Immediate contraction of smooth muscles in response to damage to surrounding arteries/arterioles. Slows blood losses for several minutes/hours.
Term
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF)
Definition
Hormone release from platelets that incites growth of vascular endothelial cells, smooth muscle fibers, and fibroblasts to help repair damaged blood vessel walls.
Term
Platelet Adhesion (1)
Definition
Phase of platelet plug formation in which platelets contact and stick to the damaged blood vessel.
Term
Platelet Release Reaction (2)
Definition
Phase of platelet plug formation in which adhered platelets extend projections and interconnect, while emptying the contents of their vesicles.
Term
Platelet Aggregation (3)
Definition
Final phase of platelet plug formation in which an induced stickiness (by ADP) causes newly recruited platelets to stick to the original layer. Eventually, this layering of platelets forms a mass called a platelet plug.
Term
Serum
Definition
(Blood plasma) minus clotting proteins
Term
Thrombosis
Definition
Clotting in an undamaged blood vessel.
Term
Early Clotting Stage
Definition
Stage of blood coagulation in which prothrombinase is formed.
Term
Intermediate Clotting Stage
Definition
Stage of blood coagulation in which an already formed prothrombinase converts prothrombin (liver-formed plasma protein) into the enzyme thrombin.
Term
Late Clotting Stage
Definition
Stage of blood coagulation in which thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen (liver-formed plasma protein) into insoluble fibrin. Fibrin "threads" into the clot.
Term
Extrinsic Pathway
Definition
Pathway of early stage blood clotting in which thromboplastin leaks into the blood from cells outside blood vessels and rapidly forms prothrombinase.
Term
Intrinsic Pathway
Definition
Pathway of early stage blood clotting in which prothrombinase is formed over the course of several minutes from within the damaged endothelial tissue.
Term
Clot Retration
Definition
Tightening of the clot plug to secure permanent vascular repair.
Term
Vitamin K
Definition
Supplement required for the formation of 4 clotting factors in the body.
Term
Fibrinolytic System
Definition
Dissolves small thromboses via fibrinolysis.
Term
Plasminogen
Definition
Incorporated inactive plasma enzyme in a clot that can be activated (plasmin/fibrinolysin) to break down the clot in quesiton.
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