Term
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Definition
| Three part system (the blood, heart, and blood vessels) that circulates various substances that regulate and sustain chemical processes essential for life. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fluid connective tissue (8% of total body mass) that conveys various nutrients to cells from the gastrointestinal tract, and removes wastes from cells to various organs (lungs, kidneys, skin, ect.) for elimination from the body. |
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Definition
| Fluid that bathes body cells - is constantly renewed by the blood. Nutrients reach cells through the blood via this medium. |
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Definition
| 45% Formed Elements (Cells/Cell Fragments), 55% blood plasma, Platelets >1%. (forms buffy coat in centrifuged blood) |
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Term
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Definition
| 91.5% water, 8.5% solutes (7% by weight are proteins) Contains water, proteins, nutrients, regulatory substances, and waste products. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins specific to blood plasma - synthesized by Hepatocytes in the liver. Concentrations: (Albumins 54%, Globulins 38% [includes antibodies], and Fibrinogens 7%. Remaining 1% are non plasma specific.) |
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Term
| Hemopoiesis ("poiesis" - to make) |
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Definition
| The process by which the formed elements of the blood are manufactured. Occurs primarily in red bone marrow. |
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Term
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Definition
| Highly vascularized connective tissue where hemopoiesis occurs. Located in the spaces between trabeculae of spongy bone tissue in the axial skeleton and pectoral and pelvic girdles. Converts to yellow bone marrow as we age. |
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Term
| Pluripotent Stem Cells (hemocytoblasts) |
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Definition
| Small population of adult red bone marrow cells (0.05-0.1%) derived from mesenchyme and possess the ability to differentiate into many different types of cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Differentiated myeloid cells (themselves a differentiation of pluripotents) that cannot self-replicate and give rise to specific elements in the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| Next generation of stem cells after progenitor cells. Develop into formed elements of blood. Are histologically differentiable from other stem cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hemopoietic growth factor produced primarily by the kidneys that increases the number of red blood cell precursors. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hemopoietic growth factor produced in the liver that stimulates the formation of platelets from megakarocytes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small glycoproteins produced by red bone marrow cells, leukocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts, and endotheilial cells. Function as local hormones that stimulate progenitor cell development in RBM and regulate nonspecific defense cells (ex. phagocytes) and immune responses. (B/T cells) |
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Term
| Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes) |
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Definition
| Cells containing the oxygen-storing protein hemoglobin, whose pigmentation gives the cells its red color. Possessed of a biconcave disk shape to maximize surface area, their strong and flexible plasma membranes allow them to contort without rupturing. Has no nucleus or organelles, produces ATP anaerobically. |
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Definition
| Gaseous hormone that binds to hemoglobin and locally incites vasodilation upon release. |
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Term
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Definition
Enzyme in red blood cells that catalyzes the CO2+H20 <-> H2CO3 <->
H+ + HCO3-
reaction which stores 70% of CO2 waste in plasma and provides an extracellular buffer system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Precursor cell of erthropoesis who divide several times into cells that produce hemoglobin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mature proethroblasts that have ejected their nucleus and assumed the distinctive RBC biconcave shape. Leaving the RBM, these cells mature into RBCs in 1-2 days. |
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Definition
| Cellular oxygen deficiency, induced either environmentally (altitudes), or chemically (Vitamin B12 deficiency) that stimulates the kidneys to produce more EPO. |
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Term
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Definition
| Granular WBCs that respond to bacterial infection. Phagocytizes invading microbes and kills/digests them with lyzozomes, strong oxidants, and defensins. Most common leukocyte. |
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Term
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Definition
| Granular WBCs that respond to allergic reactions. Contain enzymes (such as histaminase) that combat the inflammatory responses of allergic reactions, and phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes. Effective against certain parasites. |
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Term
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Definition
| Granular WBCs that arise as a response to allergic responses and release granules (heparin, histamine, and serotonin) that increase the intensify the inflammatory response in hypersensitivity reactions. Similar in function to mast cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Agranular WBCs that specialize in viral infection combat. Constantly recirculate through the lymphatic system. Second most common leukocyte. |
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Term
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Definition
| Agranular WBC that uses blood as a conduit to the tissues, where they differentiate into macrophages that phagocytize microbes and clean up cellular debris. Monocytes either wander through the blood to infection sites, or remain in certain tissues. Arrive slower than neutrophils, but come in larger numbers and destroy more microbes. |
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Term
| Major Histocompatibility (MHC) Antigens |
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Definition
| Proteins which protrude from the cell membranes of WBCs in a unique pattern that identifies with a single particular host body. |
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Term
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Definition
| An increase in the number of WBCs above normal levels (10,000/µL). Can occur as a normal protective response to immune stressors.(microbes, exercise, anesthesia, surgery) |
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Term
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Definition
| Abnormally low WBC count (5000/µL). Never beneficial - it is often induced through radiation exposure, shock, and chemotherapeutic agents. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process a WBC uses to leave the bloodstream by using adhesion molecules to roll along and between endothelial cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which neutrophils and macrophages ingest chemotaxed bacteria and destroy them. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of lymphocyte that specializes in bacterial inactivation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of lymphocyte that specializes in viral and fungal cell inactivation. Also attack rejected organs. |
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Term
| NK (Natural-Killer) Cells |
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Definition
| Type of lymphocyte that attacks a multitude of microbes and certain fast growing tumors. |
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Term
| Differential White Blood Count |
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Definition
| Count of each of the five types of WBCs in a sample of blood to diagnose problems with body/blood homeostasis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Granulated anuclear cell fragments (of megakaryocytes in RBM)of a irregular disc shape whose granules release clotting factors. |
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Term
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Definition
| The sequence of responses that stops bleeding. Includes : Vascular Spasm, Platelet Plug Formation, and Coagulation. |
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Term
| Hemorrhage ("rhage": burst forth) |
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Definition
| Loss of large amount of blood from blood vessels. |
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Term
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Definition
| Immediate contraction of smooth muscles in response to damage to surrounding arteries/arterioles. Slows blood losses for several minutes/hours. |
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Term
| Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) |
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Definition
| Hormone release from platelets that incites growth of vascular endothelial cells, smooth muscle fibers, and fibroblasts to help repair damaged blood vessel walls. |
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Term
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Definition
| Phase of platelet plug formation in which platelets contact and stick to the damaged blood vessel. |
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Term
| Platelet Release Reaction (2) |
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Definition
| Phase of platelet plug formation in which adhered platelets extend projections and interconnect, while emptying the contents of their vesicles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Final phase of platelet plug formation in which an induced stickiness (by ADP) causes newly recruited platelets to stick to the original layer. Eventually, this layering of platelets forms a mass called a platelet plug. |
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Term
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Definition
| (Blood plasma) minus clotting proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| Clotting in an undamaged blood vessel. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stage of blood coagulation in which prothrombinase is formed. |
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Term
| Intermediate Clotting Stage |
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Definition
| Stage of blood coagulation in which an already formed prothrombinase converts prothrombin (liver-formed plasma protein) into the enzyme thrombin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stage of blood coagulation in which thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen (liver-formed plasma protein) into insoluble fibrin. Fibrin "threads" into the clot. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pathway of early stage blood clotting in which thromboplastin leaks into the blood from cells outside blood vessels and rapidly forms prothrombinase. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pathway of early stage blood clotting in which prothrombinase is formed over the course of several minutes from within the damaged endothelial tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tightening of the clot plug to secure permanent vascular repair. |
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Term
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Definition
| Supplement required for the formation of 4 clotting factors in the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dissolves small thromboses via fibrinolysis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Incorporated inactive plasma enzyme in a clot that can be activated (plasmin/fibrinolysin) to break down the clot in quesiton. |
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