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Chapter 1
Muscular, Neuromuscular, Cardoivascular & Respiratory Systems
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Undergraduate 4
09/09/2011

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Term
Epimysium
Definition
Cover's the body's more that 430 skeletal muscles. It is a layer of connective tissue that ensheaths the entire muscle.
Term
Tendon
Definition
A tough band of fibrous connective tissue that usually connects muscle to bone.
Term
Periosteum
Definition
A specialized connective tissue covering all bones.
Term
Proximal
Definition
Closer to the trunk.
Term
Distal
Definition
Farther from the trunk.
Term
Superior
Definition
Closer to the head.
Term
Inferior
Definition
Closer to the base.
Term
Origin
Definition
Proximal (toward the center of the body) attachment.
Term
Insertion
Definition
Distal (away from the center of the body) attachment.
Term
Muscle Fibers
Definition
Muscle cells, that are long (sometimes running the entire length of a muscle).
Term
Fasciculi
Definition
Muscle fibers grouped in bundles. [image]
Term
Perimysium
Definition
A sheath of connective tissue that groups muscle fibers into bundles.
Term
Endomysium
Definition
Meaning within the muscle, is a layer of connective tissue that ensheaths a muscle.
Term
Sarcolemma
Definition
The cell membrane of a muscle cell.
Term
Neuromuscular Junction
Definition
The synapse or junction of the axon terminal of a motor neuron with the motor end plate.
Term
Motor Unit
Definition
A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates.
Term
Sarcoplasm
Definition

The cytoplasm of the muscle fiber.

It contains contracile components which sonsist of protein filaments and other proteins, stored glycogen and fat particles, enzymes and specialized organelles such as the mitochondria and the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Term
Myofibrils
Definition

The basic unit of a muscle, which contain the apparatus that contracts the muscle cell. (Actin and Myosin)

 

 

. [image]

Term
Myofilament
Definition
Structure that contains actin and myosin.
Term
Actin
Definition
Thin filament
Term
Myosin
Definition
Thick filament
Term
I- Band
Definition
Corresponds with the area in two adjacent sarcomeres that contain only actin filaments.
Term
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Definition
Z disc to Z disc. Storage place for calcium ions
Term
T- Tubules
Definition
Regulates calcium and controls muscular contraction.
Term
Action Potential
Definition
An electrical nerve impulse
Term
Sliding Filament Theory
Definition
States that the actin filaments ate each end of the sarcomere slide inward on myosin filaments, pulling the z-lines toward the center of the sarcomere and thus shortening the muscle fiber.
Term
Troponin
Definition
A protein situated at regular intervals along the actin filament that has a high affinity for calcium ions.
Term
Tropomyosin
Definition
Runs along the length of the actin filament in the grove of the double helix.
Term
Eccentric Muscle Actions
Definition
When the tension developed in the cross-bridges is less than the external resistance.
Term
Preloading
Definition

When high tension is developed in a msucle even before movement occurs when lifting weights becaue the waight must be supported isometricaly.

 

Maximal force does notoccur early in the range of motion

Term
Length-tension relationship
Definition
Peak force produciton is usually seen at resting length or slightly greater than resting length, this is known as...
Term
DOMS
Definition
Delayed onset of muscle sorness
Term
Sarcopenia
Definition
Reduced muscle size and strength
Term
Stretch-Shortening Cycle
Definition
The increase in force production
Term
Acetycholine
Definition
Neurotramsmitter which causes the excitation of the sarcolemma.
Term
All or none principle
Definition
There is no such thing as a motor neuron stimulus that causes only some of the fibers to contract.
Term
Twitch
Definition
The breif contraction that results from an action potential traveling down a motor neuron activating the muscle fibers within the motor unit.
Term
Tetanus
Definition
When muscle twitches fuse.
Term
Type I Muscle Fibers
Definition
Slow twitch muscle fibers, fatigue resistant, high capacity for aerobic energy
Term
Type IIa Muscle Fibers
Definition
Fast twitch muscle fibers, rapid force development
Term
Type IIb Muscle Fibers
Definition
Fast twitch muscle fibers
Term
Muscle Spindles
Definition
Sensory receptors with in the belly of a muscle which primarily detect changes in the length of the muscle. (an injur prevention mechanism)
Term
Golgi Tendon
Definition
Reduce potential for injury - protective function. Sensative to muscles tension in the muslce tendon complex. Operates like a strain gauges - senses change in tension.
Term
Catabolism
Definition

Breakdown of larger molecules into smallar useable molecules.

Ex: Protein into amino acids

Energy Releasing

Term
Exergernic
Definition
Energy Releasing
Term
Endogernic
Definition
Requires energy
Term
Anabolism
Definition
Building up. Small -> Large
Term
Metabolism
Definition
Total catabolic & anerobic metabolism
Term
ATP
Definition
Adenosine triphosphate. Contains nitrogen and a 5 carbon sugar.
Term
Sinoatrial (SA) node
Definition
The intreinsic pacemaker--where rythmic electrical impulses are normally initated.
Term
Atrioventricular (AV) node
Definition
Where th impulse is delayed slightly before passing into the ventricles.
Term
Atriventricular (AV) Bundle
Definition
Conducts the impulse to the ventriles.
Term
Purkinje Fibers
Definition
Conduct impulses to all parts of the ventricles.
Term
Arteries
Definition
An elestic blood vessel that rapidly transports blood away from the heart.
Term
Arterioles
Definition
Small blood vessels that extend from the arteries and lead to the capillaries.
Term
Veins
Definition
Blood vessels that transport blood to the heart.
Term
Hemoglobin
Definition
The iron-protein molecule carried by the red blood cells.
Term
Red Blood Cells
Definition
The major component of blood.
Term
Trachea
Definition
First generation respiratory passage.
Term
Bronchi
Definition
The second generation pasages
Term
Alveoli
Definition
Where gases are exchanged in respiration.
Term
Pleural Pressure
Definition
The pressure in the narrow space between the lung pleura and the chest wall
Term
Pleura
Definition
Membrane enveloping the lungs and lining the chest wall.
Term
Alveolar Pressure
Definition
The pressure inside the alveoli when the glottis is open and no air is flowing into or out of the lungs.
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