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Chapter 19 Definitions
Flash Cards for Chapter 19 of Biology: Concepts and Applications 8e.
28
Biology
Undergraduate 2
02/10/2011

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Term
bacteriophage
Definition
Virus that infects bacteria.
Term
lysogenic pathway
Definition
Bacteriophage replication path in which viral DNA becomes integrated into the host's chromosome and is passed to the host's descendants
Term
lytic pathway
Definition
Bacteriophage replication pathway in which a virus immediately replicates in its host and kills it.
Term
Virus
Definition
Noncellular, infectious particle of protein and nucleic acid; replicates only in a host cell.
Term
Emerging disease
Definition
A disease that was previously unknown or has recently begun spreading to a new region.
Term
Endemic disease
Definition
Disease that persists at a low level in a region or population.
Term
Epidemic
Definition
Disease outbreak limited to one region.
Term
Pandemic
Definition
Out break of disease that affects many separate regions and poses a serious threat to human health.
Term
Pathogen
Definition
Disease-causing agent.
Term
Vector
Definition
Animal that carries a pathogen from one host to the next
Term
Bacterial chromosome
Definition
Circle of double-stranded DNA that resides in the bacterial cytoplasm.
Term
nucleoid
Definition
Cytoplasmic region where prokaryotic chromosome lies
Term
pilus
Definition
Hairlike extension from the cell wall of some bacteria
Term
Binary fission
Definition
Method of asexual reproduction that divides one bacterial or archaean cell into two identical descendant cells.
Term
Conjugation
Definition
Mechanism of gene exchange in which one bacterial or archaean cell passes a plasmid to another.
Term
Horizontal gene transfer
Definition
Transfer of genetic material
Term
Plasmid
Definition
Of many bacteria and archaeans, a small ring of nonchromosomal DNA replicated independently of the chromosome
Term
Chlamydias
Definition
Tiny round bacteria that are intracellular parasites of eukaryotic cells
Term
Cynobacteria
Definition
Photosynthetic, oxygen-producing bacteria
Term
Endospore
Definition
Resistant resting stage of some soil bacteria.
Term
Gram staining
Definition
Process used to prepare bacterial cells for microscopy, and to distinguish groups based on cell wall structure.
Term
Nitrogen fixation
Definition
Incorporation of nitrogen gas into ammonia
Term
Normal flora
Definition
Normally harmless or beneficial microorganisms that typically live in or on a body
Term
Proteobacteria
Definition
Largest bacterial lineage
Term
Spirochetes
Definition
Bacteria that resemble a stretched-out spring
Term
Extreme Halophile
Definition
Organism adapted to life in a highly salty environment
Term
Extreme thermophile
Definition
Organism adapted to life in a very high-temperature environment.
Term
Methanogen
Definition
Organism that produces methane gas as a metabolic by-product
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