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Chapter 18 Endocrine System
N/A
53
Nursing
Undergraduate 1
10/03/2012

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Term
The Endocrine System
Definition
Differentiation of reproductive and CNS in fetus
Stimulation of growth and development
Coordination of the male and female reproductive system
Maintenance of internal environment
Adaptation to emergency demands of body
Term
Hormones
Definition
Operate within feedback systems
Affect only target cells with appropriate receptors
The liver inactivates hormones, rendering the hormones more water soluble for renal excretion
Term
first messengers) bind to receptors on the target cell membrane, triggering second messengers to affect the cell’s activities
Definition
Nonsteroid hormones
Term
bind to receptors within the target cell nucleus and influence cell activity by acting on DNA
Definition
Steroid hormones
Term
accelerates water reabsorption from urine in the kidney tubules into the blood, thereby decreasing urine secretion. Controls plasma osmolality
Definition
ADH
Term
stimulates the pregnant uterus to contract; may initiate labor; milk ejection in lactating wome
Definition
Oxytocin
Term
stimulates growth of the thyroid gland; also stimulates it to secrete thyroid hormone
Definition
TSH
Term
stimulates growth of the adrenal cortex and stimulates it to secrete glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol)
Definition
ACTH
Term
initiates growth of ovarian follicles each month in the ovary and stimulates one or more follicles to develop to the stage of maturity and ovulation; FSH also stimulates estrogen secretion by developing follicles; stimulates sperm production in the male
Definition
FSH
Term
acts with FSH to stimulate estrogen secretion and follicle growth to maturity; causes ovulation; causes luteinization of the ruptured follicle and stimulates progesterone secretion by corpus luteum; causes interstitial cells in the testes to secrete testosterone in the male
Definition
LH
Term
stimulates growth by accelerating protein anabolism; also accelerates fat catabolism and slows glucose catabolism; by slowing glucose catabolism, tends to increase blood glucose to higher than normal level (hyperglycemia)
Definition
GH
Term
stimulates breast development during pregnancy and secretion of milk after the delivery of the baby
Definition
Prolactin, or lactogenic hormone
Term
accelerate catabolism (increase the body’s metabolic rate)
Definition
Thyroid hormones
Term
decreases the blood calcium concentration by inhibiting breakdown of bone, which would release calcium into the blood
Definition
Calcitonin
Term
Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands
Definition
Affect growth and maturation of tissues, cell metabolism, heat production, and oxygen consumption

90% T4 and 10% T3

Bound to thyroxine-binding globulin, thyroxine-binding prealbumin, or albumin
Term
increases blood calcium concentration by increasing the breakdown of bone with the release of calcium into the blood
Definition
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Term
Alpha Cells
Definition
Glucagon
Term
BEta Cells
Definition
Insulin
Term
Delta Cells
Definition
Somatostatin and Gastrin
Term
F cells
Definition
Pancreatic Polypeptide
Term
increases the blood glucose level by accelerating liver glycogenolysis (conversion of glycogen to glucose)
Definition
Glucagon
Term
decreases the blood glucose by accelerating the movement of glucose out of the blood into cells, which increases glucose metabolism by cells
Definition
Insulin
Term
Insulin synthesized from
Secretion promoted by
Definition
Proinsulin
Secretion is promoted by increased blood gucose level
Term
Synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
Definition
Anabolic hormone
Term
Peptide hormone co-secreted with insulin
Definition
Amylin
Term
Glucagon secretion promoted by
Glucagon stimulates
Definition
decreased blood glucose levels
glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and lipolysis
Term
Possible involvement in regulating alpha- and beta-cell secretions
Definition
Somatostatin
Term
Adrenal cortex
Definition
80% of an adrenal gland’s total weight
Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis
Term
Adrenal medulla
Definition
Innervated by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
Term
Names of hormones (corticoids)
Definition
Glucocorticoids (GCs)
Mineralocorticoids (MCs)
Sex hormones
Term
Glucocorticoids (GCs)
Definition
chiefly cortisol (hydrocortisone)
Term
Mineralocorticoids (MCs)
Definition
chiefly aldosterone
Term
Sex hormones
Definition
small amounts of male hormones (androgens) secreted by adrenal cortex of both sexes
Term
increase blood sodium and decrease body potassium concentrations by accelerating kidney tubule reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium
Definition
Mineralocorticoids
Term
Three cell layers (zones) - Secretion
Definition
Outer layer, secretes mineralocorticoids
Middle layer, secretes glucocorticoids
Inner layer, secretes sex hormones
Term
Direct effects on carbohydrate metabolism
Anti-inflammatory and growth-suppressing effects
Influence awareness and sleep habits
Most potent naturally occurring glucocorticoid is cortisol
Definition
Glucocorticoid hormones
Term
Adrenal cortex stimuated by
Definition
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Term
Thymus hormone
Definition
thymosin
Term
plays an important role in the development and function of the body’s immune system
Definition
thymosin
Term
Placenta Hormones
Definition
chorionic PLACENTA gonadotropins, estrogens, and progesterone
Term
maintain the corpus luteum during pregnancy
Definition
Placenta
Term
Tests of Endocrine Function
Definition
Radioimmunoassay (RIA)
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
Bioassay
Term
Endocrine System (List)
Definition
Pituitary gland
Adrenal glands
Thyroid gland and parathyroid glands
Pancreas
Gonads
Pineal gland
Thymus
Local hormones
Term
Hormone Release Controlled by
Definition
Negative feedback mechanism
Term
Diagnostic Tests
Definition
Blood tests
Check serum hormone levels
Radioimmunoassay
Immunochemical methods
Urine tests
Stimulation or suppression tests
Scans, ultrasounds, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Biopsy
Term
basic problem is inadequate insulin effects in receptor tissues
Deficit of insulin secretion
Production of insulin antagonists
Definition
Diabetes mellitus
Term
Autoimmune destruction of beta cells in pancreas
Insulin replacement required
Acute onset in children and adolescents
Not linked to obesity
Genetic factors may play a role.
Definition
Type 1
Term
Non–insulin-dependent
Oral hypoglycemic medications may be used.
Caused by decreased production of insulin and/or increased resistance by body cells to insulin
Onset is slow and insidious and usually in 50+ age
Associated with obesity
Component of metabolic syndrome
Increasing incidence in teens and young adults
Definition
Type 2
Term
Blood glucose levels rise
Definition
hyperglycemia
Term
Excess glucose in urine
Definition
glucosuria
Term
Diabetes Diagnostic Tests
Definition
Fasting blood glucose level
Glucose tolerance test
Glycosylated hemoglobin test
Term
Diet and exercise
Definition
reduces blood glucose as skeletal muscle uses glucose.
Term
Oral medication
Definition
Increase insulin secretion
Reduce blood glucose levels
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