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chapter 18 AIDS
micro
19
Microbiology
Undergraduate 2
11/13/2015

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Term
aquired immunodeficiency diseases
Definition
- develop in later life as a result of malnutrition, severe stress, or infectious diseases
- not inherited
- affect individuals who had a previously healthy immune system
Term
AIDS
Definition
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
(syndrome- a complex of signs, symptoms, and diseases associated with a common cause)

AIDS is the presence of HIV as well as several opportunistic/rare infections or a Th cell count of 200 cells/ml of blood or less!
Term
what are some defining illness from AIDS
Definition
1. disseminated herpes(herpes virus 8)- lesions all over body
2. kaposi's sarcoma- lesions on body (type of skin cancer)
3. pneumonia- caused by pneumocystis (fungus) (you need to have a suppressed immune system to get this)
Term
how many T helper cells qualify you as having aids
Definition
< 200
Term
describe how the HIV virus looks
Definition
- enveloped with spikes
- RNA virus (ss RNA genome)
- enzymes: (reverse transcriptase, integrase, protease)
- gp 120- allows it to bind to target cell CD4 (Th cells)
Term
what enzymes does the HIV virus contain
Definition
transcriptase
integrase
protease
Term
what does gp 120 do on HIV virus?
Definition
spike that allows for attachment to target CD4 Th cells
Term
replication of hiv steps
Definition
1. attachment
2. entry
3. uncoating
4. synthesis of DNA- RNA used as template to make viral DNA using reverse transcriptase!!!
5. integration (integrase)>>> provirus>>latency>> exit
6. synthesis of RNA and polypeptides
7. release
8. assembly and maturation>>> by budding (protease needed)
Term
what cells are the host cells of hiv
Definition
1. t help cells Cd4 binds to gp120
2. monocytes
3. macrophages
4. dendritic cells
Term
considering the target cell of HIV explain why it is so detrimental to immune system.
Definition
the helper T cell is critical to the activation of the B cell and plays an important role in activation of the cytotoxic T cell. as hiv kills helper t cells, it is more difficult to achieve antibody response and a cell mediated response.
Term
why is there a time period (2-15 yeas) between HIV infection and progression to AIDS?
Definition
it is a latent virus
Term
how is HIV transmitted
Definition
body fluids containing the virus (blood, semen, vaginal secession, and breast milk)

*contaminated fluids must be injected into the body or enter through a tear of lesion.

*blood transfusion, organ transplant, needle sticks, tattooing.
Term
initial signs and symptoms of HIV
Definition
- fever, ftigue, weight loss, diarrhea, various body aches.
Term
initial signs and symptoms of AIDS (full blown)
Definition
-aids defining illnesses/oportunistic infections
Term
treatment of HIV
Definition
- no cue
- hiv known for rapid development of resistance to antivirals
-if the virus is kept in latency the patient will not progress to aids
-cocktail of antivirals (ART) given (include fusion inhibits, integrate inhibits, protease inhibitors and reverse transcriptase inhibitors)
Term
what does ART do
Definition
1. inhibitis fusion
2. inhibits integrase
3. inhibits protease
4. inhibits reverse transcriptase
Term
why is a combination of antivirals necessary for HIV treatment?
Definition
HIV is resistant to many antivirals so they combine all of them so if the virus is resistant to one antiviral the others will still work.
Term
why are the antivirals targeting what they do?
Definition
it interrupts replication of hiv!
Term
why is it unlikely we will be able to cure HIV?
Definition
HIV becomes latent during infection. latency for HIV is characterized by integration of the viral DNA into the host cell chromosome.
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