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Definition
| interruption, cessation, or disorder of a body system or organ structure that is characterized usually by a recognized etiologic agent or agents, an identifiable group of signs and symptoms, or consistent anatomic alterations. |
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Definition
causes of disease
ex. biologic agents (bateria), physical forces(trauma, burns radiation), chemical agents (poisons), and nutritional excesses or deficits |
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| most disease-causing agents |
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Definition
| are nonspecific and many agents can cause disease of a single organ, yet a single agent can cause disease of many systems |
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Definition
do not have a single cause.
they are multifactorial such as cancer, heart disease and diabetes. |
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| factors that predispose you to disesase |
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Definition
| defects that are present at birth, although maybe not evident until later in life. may be caused by genetic and/or environmental factors. |
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Definition
| occur after birth from injury, exposure to infectious agents, inadequate nutrition, lack of oxygen, inappropriate immune system response and neoplasia |
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Definition
| sequence of cellular and tissue events that take place from the time of initial contact with etiologic agent until the ultivate expression of disease. |
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| Difference between etiology and pathogenesis |
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Definition
| etiology is what sets the disease process in motion whereas pathogenesis is how the disease evolves |
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Definition
| fundamental structure or form of cells or tissues. |
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| both gross anatomic and microscopic changes that are characteristic of a disease |
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| study of the cells and extra-cellular matrix of body tissues |
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| most common study of histologic sections |
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Definition
| preparation of histologic sections (thin, translucent sections of human tissues and organs) that are examined by a microscope |
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Definition
represents a pathologic or traumatic discontinuity of a body organ or tissue.
lesion size and characteristic are obtained through radiographs, ultrasonography, and biopsy |
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Definition
| the stuctural and functional changes that accompany disease |
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Definition
| the subjective complaint that is noted by the person with the disease |
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Definition
| the objective manifestation noted by the observer |
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| Signs and symptoms are a sign of... |
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Definition
| either the primary disorder or the body's attempt to compensate for the altered function caused by the pathologic condition |
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Definition
| compilation of all the signs and symptoms that are characteristic of a disease state |
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Definition
| requires a careful history and physical exam. History gets person's symptoms as they progress where the physical exam notes the signs of altered body structure or function |
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Definition
| weighing competing possibilities and selecting the most likely one from among the conditions that might be responsible for the person's clinical presentation. Look at age, sex, race, lifestyle, and locality. |
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Definition
| Laboratory tests, radiologic studies, computed tomography scans, and other tests |
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Term
| What is a normal value for a laboratory test? |
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Definition
95% distribution of tests results for the reference population.
Some are adjusted for sex or age |
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Definition
| based on validity, reliability, sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value |
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Definition
| extent to which a measurement tool measures what it is intended to measure. (assessed by comparing different measurement methods) |
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Definition
| the extent to which an observation, if repeated, gives the same results |
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Definition
| aimed at increasing trueness and reliability of measured values. relies on use of written standards, reference measurement procedures, and reference materials. |
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| United States Food and Drug Administration |
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Definition
| regulate in vitro diagnostic devices, including clinical laboratory instruments, test kits and reagents |
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Definition
| refers to the proportion of people with a disease who are positive for that disease on a given test or observation |
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Definition
| refers to the proportion of people without the disease who are negative on a given test or observation (true-negative) |
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Term
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Definition
| if a test comes up with a 95% specificity based on 100 normal people, it is identifying 95 out of 100 of the normal people, the other 5% is considered false positive |
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Term
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Definition
| extent to which an observation or test result is able to predict the presence of a give disease or condition. a positive predictive value refers to proportion of true-positive results in a populations and negative predictive value is the same with true negatives |
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Definition
evolution of disease
can be acute, subacute, or chronic |
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Definition
| relatively sever, but self-limiting |
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Definition
| implies continuous, long-term process. It can run a continuous course or it can present with exacerations and remissions |
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intermediate or between acute and chronic; it is not as severe as acute and not as prolonged as chronic
yet spectrum of all disease can very in severity |
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Definition
| the disease is not clinically evident but is destined to progress to clinical disease and can still be transmitted |
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Definition
| no clinically apparent and not destined to become clinically apparent |
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Definition
| manifested by signs and symptoms |
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Definition
| an individual who harbors an organism but is not infected, as evidenced by antibody respon or clinical manifestations, but carriers can still infect others. |
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Definition
| the study of disease occurence in human populations. determines how a disease is spread, how to control it, how to prevent it, and how to eliminate it. also used to study natural history of disease, evaluate new preventative treatments, to explore the impact of different patterns of health care delivery, and to predict future health needs |
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| What does epidemiology look for? |
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Definition
| patterns of persons affected with a particular disorder, such as age, race, dietary habits, lifestyle, or geographic location. |
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| most of our knowledge of disease |
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Definition
| comes from epidemiological studies |
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Definition
| either an existing case or the number of new episodes of a particular illness that is diagnosed within a given period |
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Definition
| the number of new cases arising in a population at risk during a specific time. at risk = persons without disease what are at risk for developing it. Incidence is determined by dividing the number of new cases by the population. |
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Definition
| estimates the risk of developing the disease during that period of time |
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Definition
| measure of existing disease in a population at a given point in time. it is not an estimate of risk because it functions on new cases and how long the cases remain in the population |
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Definition
| causes of death in a population. People are legally required to recorde certain facts such as age, sex, and cause of death on the death certificate. |
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| International agreed on classification procedures |
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Definition
| are used for coding the cause of death, and the data are expressed as death rates. Crude mortality rates do not account for age, sex, race, socioeconomic status, and other factors |
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| Mortality may also be described by |
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Definition
| leading causes of death according to age, ses, race, and ethnicity. such as five leading causes of death in US citizens over 65 years are heart disease, cancer, cerebrovascular, chronic lower respiratory, and alzheimers disease |
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Definition
| the occurence or incidence of a disease but with persistence and the long-term consequences of the disease |
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| What is evidence based practice's main objective? |
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Definition
| to improve the quality and efficiency of health care |
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Term
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Definition
| "the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients" it is based on the integration of individual expertise and the best external clinical evidence from research |
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Definition
| implies the proficiency and judgement the individual clinicians gain through clinical experience and clinical practice |
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| identification of relevant research, often from the basic sciences but mainly from patient-centered studies that focus on accuracy and precision diagnostic tests, the power of prognositc indicators, and the effectiveness and safety of theraputic regimens |
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| Clinical practice guidelines |
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Definition
| systematically developed statements intended to imform practitioners and clients in making decisions about health care for specific clinical circumstances. They should weigh various outcomes, both positive and negative |
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| Development of evidence based practice guidelines |
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Definition
| use methods such as meta-analysis to combine evidence from studies to produce more precise estimate of the accuracy of a diagnostic method or effects of intervention method. must be reviewed by practitioners with expertise in clinical content who can varify trueness of literature |
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Definition
| must be continuously reviewed and changed to keep pace with new research findings |
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| Why are evidence based practice guidelines important? |
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Definition
| direct research into the best methods of diagnosing and treating specific health problems. |
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