Term
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Definition
| noncellular, parasitic, protein-coated genetic elements that are dependent on their infected host. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which humans use the metabolism of living things to arrive at a desited product (bread, beer) |
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Definition
| the of how diseases spread |
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Definition
| first living inhabitants of the earth |
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Term
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Definition
| ______ were responsible for changin the earth's atmosphere from one with O2 to one with O2 |
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Term
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Definition
| the breakdown of dead matter and wastes into simple compounds that can be directed back into the natural cycles of living things |
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Term
| CO2, nitrous oxide, methane |
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Definition
| three greenhouse gases that are produced by microbes |
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Term
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Definition
| ___% of all organisms exist below the earth's crust |
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Term
| recombainant DNA technology |
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Definition
| ______ makes it possible to transfer genetic material from one organism to another and to deliberately alter DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| ____ and _____ were some of the first organisms to be genetically engineered |
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Term
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Definition
| the introduction of microbes into the environment to restore stability or to clean up toxic pollutants |
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Term
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Definition
| _______ cells are 10x smaller than ______ cells |
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Term
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Definition
| small, double-membrane bound structures in the eukaryotic cell that perform a specific function |
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Term
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Definition
| prokaryotes do not have a nucleus; however, they do have _____ _____ |
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Term
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Definition
| protein-lined compartments that can contain air or storage polymers or house selected pathways |
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Term
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Definition
| all _____ are microorganisms, but only some _____ are microorganisms |
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Term
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Definition
| small particles that exist at the level of complexity somewhere between large molecules and cells |
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Term
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Definition
| _____ are composed of small amount of hereditary material (RNA OR DNA not both) wrapped in a protein covering that is sometimes enveloped by a protein-containing lipid membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| outside of a host, a virus is called a ____ |
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Term
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Definition
| many microbiologists consider viruses to be ______ particles |
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Term
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Definition
first person to use a microscope
- viewed cork and plants |
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Term
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Definition
| person who made the first single lens microscope |
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Term
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Definition
| first person to report seeing living cells under a microscope |
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Term
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Definition
| the father of bacteriology and protozoology |
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Term
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Definition
| a scientist constructs a hypothesis, tests its validity by outlining particular events that are predicted in the hypothesis and experiments to test the events |
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Term
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Definition
| if a hypothesis is supported by a growing body of data and survives rigorous scrutiny, it becomes a _____ |
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Term
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Definition
| a collection of statements, propositions, or concepts that explains or accounts for a natural event |
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Term
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Definition
| after the evidence of the accuracy and predictability of a theory becomes so compelling, it becomes a ___ or ____ |
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Term
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Definition
| _______ provided the initial evidence tht some of the microbes in dust and air have very high heat resistance and that vigourous treatment is required to kill them |
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Term
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Definition
| _____ discovered heat-resistant endospores and clarified the reason that heat would sometimes fail to completely eliminate all microorganisms |
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Term
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Definition
| the discoveries of these two men led to the modern sense of the word sterile |
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Term
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Definition
| _____ was the first to clearly link a microscopic organism with a certain disease |
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Term
| Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes |
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Definition
| _____ observed that mothers who gave birth at home experienced fewer infections than those that delivered in hospitals |
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Term
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Definition
| _______ showed that women became infected in the maternity ward after examination from physicians coming from the autopsy room |
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Term
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Definition
| _____ was the first to introduce the aseptic technique to reduce microbes in the medical setting |
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Term
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Definition
| Listers asepsis consisted of disinfecting the air and hands with _____ prior to surgery |
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Term
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Definition
| _____ completed some of the first studies showing that human diseases could arise from infection |
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Term
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Definition
| Pasteurs studies that showed that human disease could arise from infection evolved into the _____ |
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Term
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Definition
| a series of proofs that verified the germ theory and could establish whether an organism was pathogenic and what disease it caused |
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Term
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Definition
| ____ determined that microbes needed to be seperated from each other and grown in order to study them |
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Term
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Definition
| the theory of spontaneous generation of living organisms from "vital forces" in the air was disproved by ______ |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the science of classifying living beings |
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Term
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Definition
| ______ laid down the basic rules for classification and established taxonomic categories (taxa) |
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Term
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Definition
| the assignment of scientific names to various taxonomic categories and individual organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| the orderly arrangement into a heirarchy of taxa |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of discovering and recording the traits or organisms so that they may be recognized or named and placed in a taxanomic scheme |
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Term
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species |
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Definition
| taxanomic categories in order |
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Term
| binomial system of nomenclature |
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Definition
| the method of assigning scientific or specific names |
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Term
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Definition
| the scientific name is always a combination of the ____ name followed by the _____ name |
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Term
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Definition
| the scheme that represtents the natural relatedness between groups of living beings |
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Term
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Definition
| states that the hereditary information in living beings changes gradually through time |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the structure of organisms |
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Term
| Charles Darwin - Ernst Haeckel |
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Definition
| two people that created the first trees of life (the plant and animal kingdoms) |
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Term
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Definition
| person who created the 3rd and 4th kingdoms of Protista and Monera |
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Term
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Definition
| person who created the 5th kingdom of Fungi |
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Term
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Definition
| this person's five kingdom system became standard and is still used today |
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Term
| Carl Woese and George Fox |
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Definition
| two people that led to the creation of Archea based on differences in rRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| _____ are characterized by their ability to live in extreme environments |
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Term
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Definition
| Archea's structure closely resembles the ______ cell but its biology shows that it is actually closer to a _______ cell |
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Term
| domains (Archea, Bacteria, Eukaryia) |
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Definition
| Carl Woese and George Fox proposed the creation of ______ |
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Term
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Definition
| Archea and bacteria are two domains to classify ______ cells |
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Term
naming
classifying
identifying |
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Definition
| three primary functions of the toxonomic system |
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