Term
|
Definition
| discharge secretions (usually enzymes), viaducts, on to epithelial surfaces, usually for digestion and lubrication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - coordinates the function of body systems, along with the nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| discharge secretions (hormones) into interstitial fluid (the hormones then diffuse into the blood), for regulation of metabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemical messengers, produced in small amounts, transported in the blood, then interact with specific cells, to stimulate physiologic changes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell that contains specific receptor sites for a specific hormone (each hormone has a specific shape that matches the contour of the receptor site) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of local hormone that is secreted by cell(s), then diffuse to nearby cells/tissues to stimulate physiological changes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of local hormone that is secreted by cell(s), then interact with receptors on the cell that released the hormone, to timulate physiologic changes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
when a cell increases the number of hormone
receptors becoming more sensitive to stimulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when a cell reduces the number of receptors, becoming less sensitive to stimulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when two or more hormones(or any chemical)act together to produce a greater effect than an individual hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one hormone enhances the target cells response to a second hormone that is secreted later |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when one hormone opposes the action of another hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. These hormones diffuse through the plasma membrane.
b. Once inside the cell, the hormone interacts with specific receptor sites, this usually initiates transcription(initiating the process to make new proteins)
c. The new proteins create a physiologic change. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. The hormone interacts with the receptor site on the outer surface of the plasma membrane. The hormone is referred to as the Primary Messenger.
b. The signal is relayed to the inner surface of the plasma membrane (often via a G-protein).
c. The signal activates the enzyme Adenylate Cyclase.
d. Adenylate Cyclase converts ATP to cyclic AMP (cAMP). cAMP is referred to as the Secondary Messenger.
e. cAMP activates enzymes (usually kinases)that activate physiologic changes in the cell
f. cAMP is deactivated by Phosphodiesterase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- the primary control center for the Autonomic Nervous System
- the integrating link between the CNS and Endocrine systems
- controls the release of Anterior Pituitary Gland (Adenohypophysis) hormones
- produces the Posterior Pituitary Gland (Neurohypophysis)hormones
- attached to the Pituitary Gland by the Infundibulum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - produces FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH, Prolactin and GH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- has wide spread effects on the body
- results of GH release (these cause the production of Insulin-like Growth factors [IGFs] certain tissues, ie. Liver, Skeletal muscle, bone, etc....):
(1) increases cellular uptake of amino acids, and protein synthesis
(2) increases lipid catabolism - breaks down triglycerides to produce energy
(3) increases glucose utilization
(4) stimulated Kidneys to resorb electrolytes
- overall GH increases bone and muscle growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| over production of growth hormone prior to the closure of growth plates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| overproduction of growth hormone after the closure of the major growth plates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| underproduction of growth hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- lies below the Larynx, covering the anterior and lateral Trachea
- has two lateral lobes connected by the isthmus
- contains Follicular cells which produce two key hormones, T3 (Triiodothyronine) and T4 (Thyroxine). These hormones require iodine and tyrosine for their production.
- also contains Parafollicular cells which produce calcitonin (see bone metabolism) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. increases oxygen use for cells which increases ATP production (increases BMR)
b. stimulation synthesis of ATPase Pumps, the increased use of ATP leaks to an increase in heat production (i.e. Calorigenic Effect)
c. increases the heart rate and force of contraction
d. stimulates glucose and triglyceride breakdown to produce ATP
e. accelerates growth (along with GH and Insulin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hyposecretion of T3 and T4 at birth
- infant has cool, yellowish skin
- thick tongue
- if untreated, this can lead to mental retardation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
= Hypersecretion
- autoimmune disorder in which antibodies are produced that mimic the action of TSH, over-stimulating the production of T3 and T4
- signs include an enlarged Thyroid gland (goiter), exophthalmos (bulging eyes), increased activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- a retroperitoneal organ that lies behind the Stomach
- contains several clusters of cells known as Pancreatic Islets (of Langerhans) that produce endocrine hormones. These clusters make up approximately two percent of the cells in the Pancreas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
produced by Beta cells
- stimulates cells to absorb glucose and amino acids, also stimulates glycogen synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
produced by Alpha cell
- stimulates the breakdown of glycogen and triglycerides which increases the blood glucose level |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- the hyposecretion (or the production of inactive)Insulin
- i.e. the inability to produce or use Insulin)
- Classic Signs:
Polyuria - excessive urination
Polydipsia - excessive thirst
Polyphagia - excessive hunger
- also hyperglycemia, glucosuria, ketonuria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. Heart rate and contraction strength increased
b. Vessels of the skin and viscera constrict (to hunt blood to the brain and muscles).
c. The Spleen contracts to discharge blood.
d. The Liver breaks down glycogen to glucose, for energy.
e. Respiration increases.
f. Decreased digestive tract activity
g. Stress hormones are released from the Adrenal Medulla. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- the body's long term reaction to stress
a. The Adrenal Cortex is stimulated. Glucose production is stimulated.
b. Wound healing is slowed.
c. Increased catabolism.
d. Sodium retention increases, along with retention of water. (The current text associates this activity with the Alarm Reaction.)
e. Blood chemistry appears normal. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- depletion of body reserves
a. Muscle wasting
b. Rapid degeneration in all body systems. eg. Decreased immune response, ulceration of the GI Tract and failure of Pancreatic Beta Cells
c. Can lead to many chronic degenerative diseases._ |
|
|
