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| Latin for "to the man," an argument that attacks the integrity of the person instead of the person's ideas. |
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| The fallacious argument that because many people believe or act in a certain way, everyone should. |
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| An assertion. A ____ advanced in speaking requires grounds (evidence) and warrants (links between evidence and ____) |
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| The perception that a person is informed and trustworthy. Listeners confer it, or refuse to confer it, on speakers. |
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| A form of reasoning in which general premise followed by a specific claim establishes a conclusion. |
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| The expertise and trustworthiness that listeners attribute to a speaker as a result of how the speaker communicates during a presentation. |
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| The fallacy of suggesting or assuming that only two options or courses of action exist when in fact there may be more. |
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| The perceived personal character of the speaker. |
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| Evidence that supports claims in a speech. |
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| The tendency to assume that an expert in one area is also an expert in other unrelated areas. |
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| A broad claim based on too few examples or insufficient evidence. |
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Definition
| The recognition and enlargement of common ground between communicators. |
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Definition
| A form of reasoning that begins with specific instances and forms general conclusions based on them. |
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| The expertise and trustworthiness that listeners attribute to a speaker before a presentation begins. It is based on the speaker's titles, positions, experiences, or achievements known to listeners before they hear the speech. |
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Definition
| "Immunization" of listeners to opposing ideas and arguments that they may later encounter. |
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Definition
| Rational or logical proof. |
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Term
| Motivated Sequence Pattern |
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Definition
| A pattern for organizing persuasive speeches that consists of five steps: attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action. |
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Definition
| Emotional proofs for claims. |
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| A presentation that aims to change listeners by prompting them to think, feel, or act differently. |
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Term
| post hoc, ergo propter hoc |
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Definition
| Latin phrase meaning "After this, therefore because of this." The fallacy of suggesting or assuming that because event B follows event A, event A has therefore caused event B. |
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Definition
| A word or phrase that limits the scope of a claim. Common qualifiers are most, usually and in general. |
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| A response to listeners' reservations about a claim made by a speaker. |
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| an argument that is irrelevant to the topic; an attempt to divert attention from something the arguer can't or doesn't want to address. |
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Definition
| the fallacy of suggesting or assuming that once a certain step is taken, other steps will inevitably follow that will lead to some unacceptable consequence. |
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Definition
| the cumulative expertise and trustworthiness listeners attribute to a speaker as a result of the speaker's initial and derived credibility; may be greater or less than initial credibility, depending on how effectively a speaker communicates. |
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Term
| Toulmin model of reasoning |
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Definition
| a represenation of effective reasoning that includes five components: claim, grounds (evidence), warrant (link between grounds and claim), qualifier, and rebuttal. |
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Term
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Definition
| a justification for grounds (evidence) and claims in persuasive speaking |
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