Term
| What are the three types of classifying economic activities? |
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Definition
| Primary, Secondary, Tertiary |
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Term
| What are primary activities? |
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Definition
| Activities that extract something from the Earth |
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Term
| What has direct contact in primary activities? |
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Definition
| Workers and the natural environment |
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Term
| What are secondary activities? |
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Definition
| Activities that have conversion of raw materials into intermediate or finished products |
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Term
| What are tertiary activities? |
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Definition
| Activities that provide service industries |
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Term
| What do tertiary activities connect? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are quaternary activities? |
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Definition
| An exchange of money or capital |
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Term
| What are quinary activities? |
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Definition
| Research in higher education |
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Term
| In 1994 the U.S. Bureau of Census counted how many farmers out of how many people in the U.S.? |
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Definition
| Less than 2 million out of 300 million |
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Term
| When did the U.S. Bureau of Census count more than 20 million farmers? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is at an all time high? |
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Definition
| Total agricultural production |
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Term
| What is at an all time high over Earth? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What have driven millions of small farms off the land? |
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Definition
| Mechanization and Farm Consolidation |
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Term
| Who's farm output is the worlds largest? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Who's farm output is the worlds largest? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Who's farm output is the worlds largest? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Who's farm output is the worlds largest? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What did societies survive on before agriculture? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the rule of farming? |
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Definition
| The more mechanization the less farmers |
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Term
| Before farming where did most human eaten food come from? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Less than 12,000 years ago |
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Term
| What were people who were still hunters and gatherers pushed into and by who? |
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Definition
| Difficult environments by better competitors |
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Term
| The San of South Africa were pushed by who? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Cyclical drought is a serious what? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The San, aborigionals of Australia, North Americans of Brazil, American groups, African groups, and Asian groups what? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| They know and exploit environment |
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Term
| What did San people do to survive? |
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Definition
| Poison water holes to trap animals |
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Term
| Where have most hunters and gatherers been driven to? |
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Definition
| Dry, cold, less hospitable environments |
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Term
| What did immigrants hunt when Europe's plains opened? |
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Definition
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Term
| Communities of what clans are much larger today? |
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Definition
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Term
| Oak forests where provided nuts? |
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Definition
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Term
| People living where became adapted to salmon fishing? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Buffalo herds where were before Europeans arrived? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Where did people follow caribou? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Who developed fishing technology? |
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Definition
| Aleut and Ainu in North Japan |
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Term
| The capacity of early communities was enhanced by what? |
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Definition
| Knowledge of terrain, exploitable resources, ability to improve on their tools, weapons, and other equipment |
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Term
| What were the first hunting tools? |
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Definition
| Simple clubs made from tree limbs (sharpened from thin to thick) |
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Term
| What made hunting effective? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What was stone used to make? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What were axes used to do? |
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Definition
| Skin prey, cut meat, cut trees, build better shelters and tools |
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Term
| What were the first opportunities to control fire offered by? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What do excavations suggest? |
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Definition
| Attempts to continuously burn fire |
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Term
| How was fire later generated? |
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Definition
| By hand rotation of wooden sticks in a small hole and around dry timber |
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Term
| What did fire become in a community? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What was fire a symbol of? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Made foods digestible and drove animals to traps over cliffs |
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Term
| What did fire greatly enhance? |
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Definition
| Capacity of ancient communities to change natural landscape |
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Term
| What was the first transportation tool? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Hold berries, nuts, and roots |
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Term
| What did racks, packing frames, and sleds do? |
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Definition
| Hold logs, stones, firewood, and heavy goods |
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Term
| What did rafts and canoes allow? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was fire control used to make? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What were copper, gold, and iron used to make? |
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Definition
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Term
| What were stone pots, pounders, grinders, and mills used to do? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What was created through these innovations? |
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Definition
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Term
| What were preagricultural communities characterized by? |
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Definition
| Complexity, not only in forms of shelter but tools, utensils, weapons, food preference, taboos, and related cultural traits |
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Term
| What did distant ancestors add to diets during the warming period that accompanied the melting of the latest Pleistocene glaciers? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| When did sea levels rise? |
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Definition
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Term
| Until this time what was going on? |
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Definition
| Rough coastal waters and steep coastlines (the coast wasn't hospitable and marine life was not plentiful) |
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Term
| What did people in East Asia and coastal Western Europe do? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was found at prehistoric sites? |
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Definition
| Accumulations of fish bones |
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Term
| What happens in the spring and fall? |
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Definition
| Salmon season ends, deer season started |
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Term
| What was the first fish trapper? |
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Definition
| A stone trap used in tidal channels (stones removed=incoming tide, stones added=high tide) |
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Term
| The fishing spear is to fishing as the arrowhead is to what? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What did hooks and bait lead to? |
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Definition
| Wood, bone, horn, and seashell hooks |
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Term
| What was the most important invention? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What was the first plant domestication? |
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Definition
| Root crops in South and Southeast Asa |
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Term
| When was the first agricultural revolution? What did it allow? |
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Definition
| 12,000 years ago; people to increase Earth's carrying capacity |
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Term
| What did Carl Sauer postulate? |
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Definition
| Plant domestication began in the area North of the Bay of Bengal and that it began as a root crop, not a seed plant |
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Term
| What is vegetative reproduction of root crops? |
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Definition
| Some part of a plant regenerates itself |
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Term
| Where were the agricultural hearth Sauer suggested? |
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Definition
| South America=root crops, Southwest Asia=seed crops |
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Term
| What was accepted about Carl Sauer's postulate? Denied? |
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Definition
| General pattern; origin and diffusion ideas |
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Term
| What did Joseph Spencer and William Thomas say? |
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Definition
| Local groupings of plants formed the basis for each regional agricultural zone |
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Term
| The Mesoamerican region held what groupings of plants? |
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Definition
| Basis plants, maize, squashes, beans |
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Term
| The Southeast Asia region held what groupings of plants? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The Southwest Asia region held what groupings of plants? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the world first farmers? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Surplus of crops and population increase produced emigration where? |
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Definition
| Taiwan, Philippines, Pacific Islands, Americas |
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Term
| Where did Secondary Domestication take place? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What were the first animals domesticated? When did it start? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Animals are attracted to settlers for what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What African wildlife spend night at settlements and leave at daybreak? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals changed from wild to tamed because of domestication? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Archeological research shows what animal changed physically in trapment? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals were domesticated for religous reasons? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What were cattle used for in domestication? |
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Definition
| Rituals, plowing, milk, and food |
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Term
| What animals were domesticated in Southeast Asia? |
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Definition
| Pigs, water buffalo, chickens, ducks, and geese |
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Term
| What animals were domesticated in South Asia? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals were domesticated in Southwest Asia and adjacent to Northeast Africa? |
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Definition
| Goat, sheep, camels, Donkeys |
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|
Term
| What animals were domesticated in Inner Asia? |
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Definition
| Yak, Horse, Goat, Sheep species, Reindeer |
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Term
| What animals were domesticated in Mesoamerica? |
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Definition
| Llama, Alpace, Pig, Turkey |
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Term
| What does successful domestication depend on? |
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Definition
| Wild animal presence suitable for domestication |
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Term
| Several expert stations in Savannalands are trying to find ways to breed what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Only what percent of animals domesticated? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is subsistence farming? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is subsistence farming round? |
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Definition
| Tropical and subtropical zones (infertile, abandoned plots) |
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Term
| What does reddness of soil sign? |
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Definition
| Heavy leaking of soil nutrients |
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|
Term
| Shifting cultivation is more popular than what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How many people in Africa, Middle America, and Tropical South America, and Southeast Asia do shifting cultivation? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are other names for shifting cultivation? |
|
Definition
| Slash-and-burn, Milpa, and Patch Agriculture |
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|
Term
| What did shifting cultivation give? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Shifting agriculture involves natural rotation where forests are what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Shifting cultivation doesn't require what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does shifting agriculture conserve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does subsistence farming not enter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does subsistence farming occur? |
|
Definition
| South and Middle America, Africa, South and Southeast Asia |
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|
Term
| What people went from subsistence farming to modern farming? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What were methods to get people to go to modern farming? |
|
Definition
| Demanding farmers to pay taxes, forced subsistence farmers to sell crops for cash, forced farmers to grow specific crops, and loans to farmers |
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Term
| What sought to make profits? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the scholar question? |
|
Definition
| How to tempt subsistence farmers into wanting cash by the availability of suitable consumer goods? |
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|
Term
| Where was the question written? |
|
Definition
| Farming Systems of the World (1970) |
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|
Term
| Who wrote the Farming System of the World? |
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Definition
| Agricultural specialists A.M. Duckham and G.B. Masefield |
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Term
| What could changing the economic system lead to? |
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Definition
| Unpredictable changes in social fabric |
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|
Term
| When was the Second Agricultural Revolution? |
|
Definition
| The 17th and 18th Century (began slowly during latter middle ages) |
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|
Term
| The Second Agricultural Revolution first took hold in few what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where did the Second Agricultural Revolution happen significantly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What did the industrial revolution help sustain? |
|
Definition
| Second Agricultural Revolution |
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