Term
|
Definition
| bacterial communities; earliest forms of life for which we have clear fossil evidence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bulbous masses of sedimentary layers of limestone around 3.4 billion years old |
|
|
Term
| Fundamental conditions required to develop first cells |
|
Definition
Essential Elements
Continual Source of Energy
Temperature Range permitting Liquid Water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| compose organic molecules |
|
|
Term
| Continual source of energy |
|
Definition
| mainly nuclear fusion with reactions from the sun |
|
|
Term
| Temp. range permitting liquid water |
|
Definition
| without this, metabolic reactions would cease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| biochemical indicators of life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lzy; prefer lighter isotope (12C) compared to 13C |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| steroid-like membrane molecules that are particularly durable; 2.5GYR (ex: 2-methylhopanoid in W. Australian sedimentary rock) |
|
|
Term
| Anaerobic oxidation-reduction reactions |
|
Definition
| oxidized molecules were generated by reactions driven by UV light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| such as bacteriorhodopsin of haloarchaea; could have conducted the first kind of autotrophy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| methanogenic archaea combine H2 and CO2 producing CH4 and H2O |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Metabolism of the first cells |
|
Definition
| ALL were anaerobic reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Prebiotic Soup
Metabolist Model
RNA world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Model for early life that suggests small organic molecules arise abiotically from simple reduced chemicals sparked by lightning. (Miller)
Wrong because no CH4 substrates formed, as well as NH3, so no amino acids were made |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A model indicating that self-sustaining abiotic chemical reactions could have formed the basis of cellular metabolism; that the genetic code may have originated from synthesis of an amino acid complexed to a dinucleotide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Model that suggest RNA is a better candidate than DNA for the earliest molecule because:
-it was used as genomes by some viruses
-uracil is a precursor for thymine
-possesses catalytic properties as ribozymes
-RNA ribosome carries out protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "No one model of life's origin yet addresses all the ________________ of a living cell." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| life was seeded on earth by meteorites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
poupulations of organisms diverge from these:
random mutations
natural selections
reductive (degenerative) evolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| favors organisms that produce more offspring |
|
|
Term
| reductive (degenerative) evolution |
|
Definition
| loss or mutation of DNA encoding unselected traits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| temporal information contained in a macromolecular sequence where random mutations happen in each round of replication |
|
|
Term
| Small subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA) |
|
Definition
| widely used molecular clock is the gene encoding these |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used to make proteins; cant afford mutations (highly conserved) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| frequency of differences between homologous sequences can be used to generate this. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| estimates the relative amounts of evolutionary divergence between sequences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can be used to infer the length of time since two species shared a common ancestor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bacteria, archaea, and eukarya |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first used SSU rRNA phylogeny to reveal the existence of the third kind of life domain (archaea) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acquisition of a piece of DNA from another cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transmission of an entire genome from parent to offspring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Among prokaryotes, DNA is transferred ________ by plasmids, transposable elements and bacteriophages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Evidence of transfer is a DNA sequence whose _______ differs from the rest of the genome. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vast majority of gene transfer is vertical and the lineages are this |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
contain two kinds of genes
informational genes
operational genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| encode products essential for transcription and translation; interact with many cellular components; VERTICAL gene transfer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| encode products that govern metabolism, stress response, and pathogenicity; fuction with relative independence; HORIZONTAL gene transfer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intimate association of two unrelated species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one partner benefits, while the other is harmed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| symbiosis leads to this; where evolution of two species is in response to one another. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cultivate fungal partners; example of microbial symbiosis; when ant gets a parasitic fungus, it grows bacteria that produces an antibotic against it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
occurs when one partner grows within the body of another
example: human intestinal flora
can be intracellular
Another example: Algae Chlorella growing in paramecium; algae provides nutrients while the protozoa shelters the algae
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| filarial nematode that harbors Wolbachia endosymbionts; its presence is required for the nematode's embryonic development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Proposed by Lynn Margulis, this theory states that assimilation of an endosymbiont as mitochondria and chloroplasts played a central role in eukaryotic evolution.
ex: mitochondria evolved from an alphaproteobacterium that infected...
chloroplasts that evolved from cyanobacteria. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Genomes of mitochondria and chloroplasts both show extreme __________. Evidence that organelles have genomes! |
|
|
